28 THE STORY OF PLANT Lire 
classification of plants, it is necessary to consider all 
the characters, and not to lay greater stress on one 
than another. 
The old botanists of the herbal days made little or 
no advance. Turner was the Father of English 
Botany, his ‘ Herbal’ being published in 1551. 
Gerard’s, published in 1597, was largely a compi- 
lation. Kaspar Bauhin, 1620 (‘ Prodromus’), and 
Pinax advanced towards a more scientific method, 
but their arrangement was not based on floral 
structure, though Cesalpini utilised the characters of 
the seed and embryo in his work, 1583. 
Ray first distinguished the division into Mono- 
cotyledons and Dicotyledons, ‘ Historia Plantarum ’ 
(1686-1704), but he still retained the division into 
Herbs and Trees. 
Linnzus next brought out a binomial system of 
nomenclature which has been of inestimable value to 
botany and zoology. 
His sexual system based on the number of stamens, 
etc., was, however, not a real advance, though it 
servedasa system of arrangement. His “‘ Fragmenta,”’ 
1751, in ‘ Philosophia Botanica,’ was a great improve- 
ment on this, and served asa basis for future workers 
at a more natural system. 
Jussieu then grouped plants in four divisions, 
Apetalz, Monopetalz, Polypetale, and in subdivi- 
sions according as the stamens were hypogynous, 
perigynous, or epigynous, and Diclines irregulares. 
His division of plants into Monocotyledons and 
