INTRODUCTION 31 
identification. Therefore, before the botanist need 
concern himself with the details of classification he 
must become acquainted with the characters of the 
different families and orders, so that later on some 
idea may be formed as to the relation to each other 
or position in a series. The foregoing remarks, 
therefore, must be read after the details in Chapters 
I to V, describing the thirty common orders and 
sixty-two common species, have been mastered. 
