GAMOPETAL.E 305 



bracts between the florets in some, or not, these being 

 sometimes bristle-Hke. 



Usually the flowers are hermaphrodite and homo- 

 gamous, but vary in this respect. They may be all 

 tubular and actinomorphic in the disc, or ligulate, 

 and zygomorphic. Or they may be tubular in the 

 disc, ligulate in the ray. In the Knapweed the outer 

 florets may be actinomorphic and the central of a 

 different size. The outer florets may be bisexual, or 

 the inner bisexual or male, the outer female or 

 neuter. 



The usual combination is the last, i. e, gynomonoe- 

 cious, the disc florets bisexual, the ray female. This 

 arrangement is an economic one, the ray florets 

 serving to attract, the disc florets being adapted for 

 fruit-formation. 



The insertion of the flower is epigynous^ the parts 

 of the flower being usually in fives. There is no 

 calyx, or its equivalent, in some types. In others it is 

 a mere rim on the ovary, but as a rule it is repre- 

 sented by the pappus which crow^ns the fruit. 



The flowers are tubular and actinomorphic, or 

 ligulate and strap-shaped, or labiate. In the ligulate 

 florets the five teeth represent the petals, but there 

 may be only three. The corolla is gamopetalous, 

 and epigynous. The disc is epigynous. There are 

 five stamens, which are epipetalous, inserted on the 

 corolla-tube, with short anther-stalks. The anthers 

 are united or syngenesious (the group represents 

 Linnaeus's Syngenesia) and form an anther-cylinder, 



20 



