313 



radicans Hack., and Arisiida stipoides R. Br., var. tenuisctidosa Pilger 

 are also identical with Australian species or have affinities with Australian 

 types. 



(Characteristic Mala^'an species are Coelorhachis hiaurHa Hack., Isachne 

 Jx'nerkei Hack., Piuiicum (uiritiim Presl, Opiismeniis imdulatifolius var. 

 intbccillLs Hack., Pennisetidn ntncrostachyu-ni Trin., Leptaspis urceolata 

 E. Br., and Dinochloa scandens O. Kuntze, these species being for most 

 part confined to the MalaA'an region, while no less than 100 other 

 species are common to the Philippines and Malaya, but also extend to 

 other regions. 



PoUinis tenuis Trin., and Ischaemum intermedium are known only 

 from the Philippines and Polynesia, but many other characteristic species 

 extend from other places through the Philippines to that region. 



Twenty-six species extend from Africa to southern- Asia and Malaya 

 and the Philippines, 8 of which reach Polynesia and 10 Australia. Forty 

 species are encountered from southern Asia and jMalaya, (i of them being 

 found also in Polynesia and 19 in Australia. 



On the whole, the Philippine Graiiiine(e are strongly jMalayan or Indo- 

 ^lalayan, with a decided northern element in the highlands of northern 

 Luzon, and a rather characteristic Australian one, which, strangely, is 

 from the same northern region of the Archipelago, rather than from 

 the southern islands, although when more extensive collections have 

 been made in the interior of Mindanao, doubtless most of these Australian 

 types, which at present are known in the Philippines only from northern 

 Luzon, will be found in Mindanao. 



I acknowledge, with great pleasure, the valuable assistance of Dr. E. 

 Hackel, of Graz, Austria, in the preparation of this paper, as he has 

 verified very many of my own identifications, corrected others, compared 

 my material with type or authentic specimens, identified many species, 

 and supplied me with copious notes on synonomy. Without this as- 

 sistance it would have been impossible for me to have issued this paper 

 in its present form, nor would the finished work have been nearly as 

 authentic. 



GRAMINE^.. 



CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER. 



Erect, decumbent or creeping herbs, annual or perennial, or in the 

 tribe Bamhwsew erect or scandent shrubs or trees. Culms (stems) terete 

 or compressed, jointed ; internodes usually hollow, sometimes solid. 

 Leaves simple, usually long and narrow, entire, parallel-veined, the 

 sheathing portion below distinct from the blade and split down one side, 

 Ix'aring at the juncture of the l)Uule with the sheath a membranous or 

 cartilaginous appendage (ligule), the ligule rarely wanting, sometimes 

 reduced to a row of hairs. Inflorescence spicate, recemose, capitate or 



