STATE GEOLOGIST. 127 



Q. rubra, L. Red Oak. 



Occasional southward, and north to the upper Mississippi river, Geyer, Oarrison; 

 continuing on the north side of lake Superior to tlie Kaministiquia river, Bell, Macoun. 



In autumn the leaves of the black and red oaks change to red and crimson colors ; 

 while the foliage of the while and bur oaks changes only to dull green, gray and brown. 

 At the same time the leaves of the sumachs and red maple become red or scarlet ; of 

 the sugar maple, yellow ; and of bass, box-elder, ash trees, elms, poplars, and cotton- 

 wood, various shades of brown and yellow. 



Q . paliistris, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish Oak. Pin Oak. 

 Lapham . Upper Mississippi river, Oarrison. 



[Sargent and Bell have mentioned Minnesota as a western limit of the American 

 beech (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.), but it probably does not extend into this state.] 



COKYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert. 



C. Americana, Walt. Common Wild Hazel-nut. 

 Common, in many districts abundant, throughout the state. 



C. rostrata. Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. 



Common northward ; extending south to Benton county and Spruce Hill, Douglas 

 county, Upliam; rare and local farther south, as on rocky bluffs in southeastern Winona 

 county, Winchcll. Juni says of this species north of lake Superior : "In some places 

 the bushes reach a hight of fifteen feet, with stems from one to one and a half inches in 

 diameter. The tops bend over from the weight of the fruit." 



OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. 



O, Virg'iuica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. 

 Common, often abundant, throughout the state ; but not close to the shore of lake 

 Superior. 



CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Ironwood. 



C. Caroliniana, Walt. (C. Americana, Michx.) American Hornbeam. 

 Blue or Water Beech. 

 Common through the south half of the state; extending north to Pine county and 

 Sandy lake, Clark, the Savannah portage, Winchell, and White Earth reservation. 

 Garrison. " Wood of this and the preceding tough and durable ; used for wedaies, 

 levers, &c," 



MYRICACE^. Sweet-Gale Family. 



MY'RICA, L. Bayberrt. Wax-Myrtle. 



M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. 



Common on lake-shores, along the international boundary, between lake Superior 

 and Rainy lake, Winchell. North. 



COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-Fern. 



C . asplenifolia. Ait. Sweet-Fern. 



Frequent northeastward; extending south to Snake river in southeastern Pine 

 county, Z7i>?iam, and southwest to Cass lake, Schoolcraft; it also occurs at Jacob Streltz's 

 quarry in section 28, Saint Cloud, Upham, and near Excelsior. Hennepin county, Mrs. 

 Terry. 



