STATE GEOLOGIST. 133 



Norivood in tlie valley of the St. Louis river ; included in Dr. Lapham's catalogue ; also 

 reported as occurring, locally, near Fokegania lake, Cass county, and at the north side 

 of Sand lake, in the southwest part of T. 46, K. 19, Carlton county, and in other parts of 

 this county, as on Black Hoof creek ; all of which need verification. Though plentiful 

 not far eastward in Wisconsin.itextends very scantily. If at all, into Minnesota. ["On 

 the south shore of lake Superior it does not reach the western extremity, turning south- 

 ward in the neighborhood of Ashland. I am informed, however, that there is an out- 

 lyhig grove of hemlock at Thomson, about twenty-five miles west of Duluth. This 

 tree maintains a good size to the verge of its range, and always appears to terminate 

 abruptly." Bell.} 



ABIES, Link. Fir. 



A. balsaniea, Marshall. Balsam Fir. 



Common northeastward, attaining a hight of 50 feet, Clark; extending south and west 

 to nearly the same limits as the black spruce ; also farther south, rare and local, as near 

 Mantorville, Dodge county, Harrington, and in the heavy timber in the northeast part 

 of Spring Valley, Fillmore county, W inchell. 



LARIX, Tourn. Lakch. 



Ij. Americana Michx. American or Black Larch. Tamarack. Hack- 

 matack . 



Abundant through the north half of the state, and common southeast to Wright, 

 Hennepin and Ramsey counties ; rare farther southeast, as on Pine creek in Houston 

 county, Winchell; absent southwestward. This tree occurs in swamps, which are 

 generally frequent, varying in extent from a few rods to several miles. Mr. Nathan 

 Butler states that such swamps, bearing tamarack but scarcely any other trees, occupy 

 nearly the entire country between lied lake and the lake of the Woods ; and M r. G. M. 

 Dawson and others give a similar description of the area crossed by the international 

 boundary between the lake of the Woods and the Ked river valley. Tamarack also 

 often grows on drier, hard ground ; sometimes, north of lake Superior, attaining a 

 hight of 90 or loO feet (but very slender, having a diameter of only about one foot ; valu- 

 able for railroad ties), Clark. Its usual hight is from 20 to 40 feet. 



Watab river and township bear the name which the Chippewas give to the long 

 threads obtained by splitting tamarack roots, used by them In sowing their birch canoes. 

 Keatiny's Narrative of Long's Expedition, vol. ii, p. 73. 



THUYA (Thuja), Tourn. Arbor Vit^. 



T. occideiitalis, L. American Arbor Vitse. "White Cedar." 



Common northeastward, formiug almost impenetrable "cedar swamp.s," often attain- 

 ing a large size, from 40 to 70 feet in hight, and from one to two or even three feet in 

 diameter, Clark, Ro})erts\ extending west to the south end of lake Winnipeg, Bell, the 

 lake of the Woods and Roseau river, Ked and Pemidji lakes, and to the head of Straight 

 river in northeastern Becker county, and south to the south shore of Mille Lacs and the 

 mouth of Snake river. It also occurs very rarely farther southeast, as on Gwinn's bluff 

 in southeastern Winona county, Winchell. On the nortli shore of lake Superior, "not 

 so common as inland, but maintains its hold upon life in the most unfavorable positions. 

 Often the only representative of the vegetable kingdom on a bare rock in the lake, 

 where its stem and branches plainly indicate the direction of the prevailing winds and 

 waves." Juni. This tree is the principal species upon a large area adjoining the Missis- 

 sippi river in northern Aitkin county. Its wood is light and very durable, being espe- 

 cially sought for fence and telegraph posts. It is often spiral-grained. 



JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. 



J. conuminis, L. Common Juniper. 



Throughout the state, but infrequent. Minnesota Point, near Duluth (plentiful), 

 also near Minneapolis, Roberts; Wadena and Benton counties (rare), Upham; Sherburne 



