GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE LECANINiE. 61 



is scren-sldcd ; it is truncate anteriorly and pointed posteriorly. From 

 each angle radiates a sntnre to tbe lateral edc^e, ibns forming seven 

 lateral plates, of whicli a single one is above tlie head, wliile above tho 

 anas is tlie sutnre between two. Through this suture projects the -anal 

 spur. Each plate has a dark brown patch in its center, and in tbe cen- 

 ter of each brown patch is a bit of the white secretion. 



'■'■ Ilabitat and Food phtnts. — Found at Jacksonville and in Volusia 

 County, Florida, on orange, quince, and on a species of Evpatoiinm^ 

 often in coai[)any wiih with C. Floridensia, although it was by no means 

 so common a species." 



GEITEHAL REMARKS UPON THE LECAlJINiS. 



Exfentof Injuries. — The r>ark-liceof thisgronpare less iiijnriousto trees 

 and woody plants tbau their hard-shelled relations, the Dias])ina3. Of 

 the five species of Lecanina3 which have been known to attack citius 

 ► plants, the widely-distributed Lccaniuni hespcridum (Linn.) is most com- 

 mon in Florida, and is generally recognized and somewbiit I'eared by 

 orange-growers. It is known to occur also in the orange districts of Cali- 

 fornia, whi^re, howe\er, it does not appear to be destructive. Tbe deci- 

 mation which tbis unprotected scale sutlers tbrougb the attacks of jiara- 

 sites and enemies, and the consequent short life of its colonies, effect- 

 ively limits irsdestructive powers. Very frequently the orange-grower 

 will b:-come aware of its presence only to find it in its decadence and the 

 life of tb^ciolony virtually extinguished through tbe activity of his in- 

 visible friends. Tbis fortunate condition will be sufl'ciently indicated 

 by tbe bl.ick color of the scales which are blasted by the presence of 

 parasites. 



Exten ive invasions of Lccanium hcftperiduni have never been known 

 to occur, in tbis country at least. Tbe injuries which it inflicts in 

 oratige groves are conlined for the most ])art to nursei i«'S or young 

 trees before tbey have become fully established. Upon older trees only 

 limited poitions, and particularly slioots in process of bardening, are 

 usu;illy Ibund lo be infested. IJaiely indeed does tbis scale occupy 

 tbe entn-e top of a grown orange tree. iStdl more rarely is an entire 

 orchard overrun by it. 



Tbe species of this group having soft bodies, which dry up and shrivel 

 after deatb, become loosened or wasbed by rains from tbeir aitaebmeut 

 to tbe bark, and soon disappear from trees. Tbey do not, as in tbe 

 case of tbe Diaspinie, remain and form a i)ermanent coating upon tbe 

 baiU, clogging its pores aiiil exercising a balelul inlliuMiee upon tbe 

 healib ot the trey li)ng Hl'ter life ia tbe insects themselves has become 

 extinct. 



The Black Scale of California, Lccanium o/rrt' Bernard, is, as its name 

 indicates, au olive scale. In Califoi nia, bowever, it is <|uite injniious 

 to the Orange and its kindred, ami is said to be spreading u[)on decidu- 



