183 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



species, all bred from the cases of PsychidcB. Subsequent 

 observations have proved that these species are onl}' the winged 

 males of certain apterous female Pezomachi, and we have no 

 doubt but that further experience will show that most of the 

 Pezomachi have winged partners ; but this question will be more 

 especially referred to under the respective genera. Wesmael first 

 expressed the opinion that the winged males of the apterous 

 female Pezomachi were to be found in Phygadeuon or Hemiteles. 

 Foerster rather doubted this ; but Ratzeburg's and subsequent 

 observations on bred specimens go to prove its truth. The 

 Cryptidse are well illustrated by four plates in Vollenhoven's 

 ' Pinacographia.' 



The great value of bred specimens is well illustrated in this 

 family ; without their aid it is almost impossible to unite the two 

 sexes of a species, and until both have been bred together we shall 

 be unable to form a satisfactory table of genera. Taschenberg 

 (Z. c.) describes 96 species of Phygadeuon, only 18 of which are 

 known in both sexes ; 98 species of Cryptus, only 17 of which are 

 known in both sexes ; and 56 species of Hemiteles, only 14 of 

 which are known in both sexes. Foerster described 189 female 

 and 44 male Pezomachi, the sexes of one sj^ecies only — the 

 doubtfully British Catalytus fulveolatus — being described, and in 

 this he follows Gravenhorst. Experience has shown that even 

 this small number of mated species are not all legally married. 

 Curtis says of Hemiteles melanarius and its female {vicinus), bred 

 from Pieris napi pupa, " the female differs so materially that no 

 one would suppose it was the legitimate partner of the foregoing 

 male" (' Farm Insects,' p. 103). The sexes are just as dissimilar 

 throughout the family, and we know that some species {Phyga- 

 deuon fumator and Cryptus migrator) have subapterous forms; 

 also that the apterous female Pezomachus rufidus, has a fully- 

 winged and subapterous male : these anomalies may be general. 

 The genus Hemiteles is in a more unsatisfactory state than any 

 other of this family. Foerster, in the ' Synopsis,' divides his 

 family, Hemiteloidce, into 72 genera, and this includes Catalytus 

 and Orthopelma ; whilst Gravenhorst, Ratzeburg and Taschenberg 

 together describe just over 80 species. 



Kirchner includes 643 species amongst the Cryptidse in his 

 unsynonymic ' Catalogus H3anenopterum Europse'; Dours gives 

 57 species only as occurring in France; Marshall includes 357 



