112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



of the Hesperians. The veins are slender: in the primaries 

 la and 5 are as stout as the rest: the discal cell is short, 

 connected transversely with 3 and with an areolet above : in 

 the secondaries the cell is nearly obsolete, and the indepen- 

 dent or vein 5 of secondaries is as stout as the others. 

 (Conip. Fig. 30 a, b, with Fig. 31.) The antennae, though 

 thickened at tip, are generally long and more or less supple, 

 and there are two distinct ocelli between the eyes, behind the 

 antennae. The Castnians vary much in general appearance, 

 but, whether we deal with the Brazilian Castnia Linus 

 {Cram.) with its narrow, elongate, rounded, clear-spotted 

 wings, and its remarkably elongate and swollen basal joint of 

 the middle tarsi ; or with C. Licus {Cram.) which has broad, 

 angular wings ; or with the genera Ceretes, Orthia, Gazera, 

 and Synemon — we find the characters above-mentioned 

 constant : they are typical of the family and are Heterocerous 

 characters. Yuccae, on the contrary, has none of these 

 characters ; but in the smaller wings, in their venation, in the 

 closeness of the small and narrow scales and hairyness at 

 base, in having no ocelli, and in the unarmed secondaries, 

 entirely agrees with the Hesperians. 1 attach much less 

 importance to the antennae, size of head and body, or even 

 the spurs of tibiae ; because they are all more variable. Thus, 

 while most of the Castnians have the antennal club tipped 

 with a spine or a bunch of bristles, others {e.g. Castnia Orestes, 

 Walker, from Surinam) have it of the same shape as in Yuccae, 

 and unarmed, or even more short and blunt (Synemon 

 Theresa, Douhl.). Again, in most Hesperians the club tapers, 

 or is curved at tip ; but there are all degrees of variation, 

 from the extremely curved club of Epargyreus Tityrus 

 (Fabr.) to the straight and blunt club of Oarisma Poweshiek 

 {Parker). The small head and subobsolete spurs in Yuccae 

 are abnormal compared with either family ; for most of the 

 Castnians have the spurs much as in Hesperia, and the head 

 almost as broad as the thorax. In the stiflfer, relatively 

 shorter antennae, with large club; in the spines which stud 

 the tibiae, as well as in the stoutness of the thorax and 

 abdomen, Yuccae is again Hesperian rather than Castnian. 

 The Castnians, like the Uranians and many other exceptional 

 moths, resemble the butterflies in being day-flyers ; but the 

 position of the wings in repose, which is a more important 



