THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 



renifonu and orbicular clear, and a zigzag line on each side 

 of them, which I particularly want to ascertain among those. 

 I have sent. 



[(1) You will readily ascertain the countries of your foreign 

 Lepidoptera from Staudinger's list, which may be obtained 

 through Trlibner & Co., Ludgate Hill. (2) Any entomologist will 

 be glad to name your captures, after you have done your best 

 to do so for yourself from books; but it is hardly fair to 

 depute all the labour to others ; nor would such a course be 

 useful to yourself, for you would learn much less from being 

 told than from finding out by study. Newman's ' British 

 Moths' and 'British Butterflies' will materially assist your 

 labours, so far as Lepidoptera are concerned. (3) The wings 

 are so damaged that — excepting Noctua augur, Agrotis excla- 

 mationis, and Aplecta advena, all of which you will be able 

 to make out from 'British Moths' — it is impossible to identify 

 the species. There was an interesting controversy, as to 

 whether such a destruction of moths as you mention was 

 caused by spider, or mouse, or bat, in the volume of the 

 'Zoologist' for 1866; and some additional notes were pub- 

 lished in that journal in 1871. — EdJ] 



S. Bradbury. — Epunda nigra. — Can you inform me if this 

 species is double-brooded .'' as all the pupae I have had 

 emerged in INIay last year : one on the 11th this year; a very 

 fine male on the 26th. I enclose a case, and I am of opinion 

 that they feed upon the hawthorn, as I have only found them 

 under that tree, and there is no other but ash. These trees 

 grow in the middle of a fifteen-acre sheep pasture, with no 

 herbage but turf. I will endeavour to find the larvaR as a 

 proof. 



[Epunda nigra is not double-brooded. You will see that 

 the food given in the 'History of British Moths' is the great 

 hedge bedslraw (Galium molUigo); also other herbaceous 

 plants. The pupa having been found near the hawthorn is 

 not proof that the larva feeds upon this tree. Many low- 

 plant feeding larvae go to the base of trees when turning to 

 pupae. — Ed.^ 



James Mudie. — Insect Anatomy. — I shall be obliged to 

 you if you can tell me if the anatomy of insects is a subject 

 which has been investigated to any extent, and, if so, what 

 works would be the best guide for me in studying it ? 



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