185 
by felling it and stripping it of its bark, (a) unless the substance 
be extracted economically from its leaves or annua. 
prunings, (6) or unless some means of paring off the bark 
without destroying the cambium could be devised, (c) or unless 
the tree were amenable to the coppice system. The last possibility 
-is perhaps the most likely. In this case the peeled poles might 
form a subsidiary source of revenue. 
4. High cost of land and wages. 
In conclusion the writer would like to take this opportunity 
of expressing his thanks to Prof. Augustine Henry for much 
help in the compilation of these notes. 
XX.—THE FAMILY WINTERACEAE. 
J. HuToHrnson. 
The family Winteraceae, as here understood, has usually been 
regarded as a tribe of Magnoliaceae, and it stands as such in the 
classifications of Bentham and Hooker (Genera Plantarum, i. 17), 
and Engler and Prantl (Die Natiirl. Pflanzenf. iii. ii. 18). In 
the following brief notes the present writer gives reasons for 
separating the group from the true* Magnoliaceae, represented 
by the genera Michelia, Linn., Manglietia, Bl., Talawma, Juss., 
Aromadendron, Blume, Magnolia, Linn., and Liriodendron, Linn, 
This segregation has become more imperative since the 7'rocho- 
dendraceae and Himantandraceae have been taken out of Magno- 
liaceae, and some degree of uniformity of treatment is now 
possible. — 
Robert Brownt was the first to point out that the genera 
Illicium and Drimys should be distinguished as a separate family 
from Magnoliaceae, and for them he proposed the name 
W intereae. Lindley, for a time, and J. Miers took a similar 
view, as did also Endlicher, who expressed the opinion (Enchir. 
Bot. 428), that the group ought to rank as an independent family, 
although later (Genera Plantarum 836), he included them as a 
sub-family of Magnoliaceae. Even J. D. Hooker and T. Thomson 
(Fl. Ind. 72), say that ‘‘ the Wintereae form a very questionable 
tribe of Magnoliaceae, and may with reason be separated from 
them.” Hooker, however, as already indicated, included them 
in the Magnoliaceae. 
* Other genera referred to the Magnoliaceae are T'rochodendron, Sieb. 
et Zucec., and Euptelea, Oliv., which constitute the distinct family 
Trochodendraceae, ae Cercidiphyltum, Sieb. et Zuce. the Cercidiphyllaceae 
Fase Oliv., and Oliv., are better placed tee the 
whilst i sa F. Muell. ( = Galu ni pe 
or a nev 
ihre Verbre ihre 
Iv. 126-131, a i (i917). 
7 . Be. d DC. Syst. Veg. i. 548 (1818); De Candolle, however, 
treated them its si Illiceae of Magnoliaceae. 
