188 
thus connects the floras of two widely separated areas in the 
Northern Hemisphere. The remainder of the genera are small 
and of very restricted range, Wintera in New Zealand, Bubbia 
in Lord Howe’s Island and New Caledonia, and Belliolum, 
Exospermum and Zygogynum in New Caledonia. 
Economic Products.—‘‘ Winter’s Bark ” from Drimys Winteri, 
Forst., South America; much used in Brazil as an astringent 
and stimulant. “Star Anise,” ripe fruit of Jllicium verum (see 
Kew Bull. 1888, 173 and figure), a native of South West China; 
condiment and spice and used for flavouring; fruit also contains 
a volatile oil distilled in large quantities by natives of Langson ; 
this oil is used in cough mixtures (Greenish, Mat. Med. ed. 2, 
106, 275 (1909). Wintera axillaris is aromatic and pungent and 
its wood serviceable for inlaying (Cheeseman, Fl. N. Zeal. 29). 
Principal literature relating to the Winteraceae.—J. Miers, 
* On the Winteraceae,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, ii, 33-48, 
109-115 (1858); and Contrib. to Bot. i. 123-145, pl. 25-27 
(1851-61). Lindley, Nat. Syst. Bot. 26 (1830); ed. 2, 17 (1836); 
Veg. Kingd. 417 (1846) (under Magnol.). Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 836 
(1836) (under Magnol.). Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiii. i. 129- 
139, tt. 30-32 (1841). Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. i. 17 (under 
Magnol.). J. Tambon, “des Illicitum en général de la Badiane 
et de son Huille essentielle en Particulier” pp. 77, pl. 1-4 
Bes #8 
P. Parmentier, ‘‘ Histoire des Magnoliacées (Tribe Illiciees) ’’ in 
Bull. Sci. Fr. et Belg. xxvii. 159-337 (1895); Van Tieghem, 
Journ, de Bot. xiv. 275 et seq. (1906). 
Description of Winteraceae. Trees or shrubs with exstipulate 
alternate or rarely subverticillate aromatic. pellucid-punctate 
evergreen leaves. Flowers rather small, in axillary or terminal 
fascicles or umbellate cymes, of various colours. Floral axis very 
short, with the parts of the flower arranged more or less in whorls. 
Perianth double. Sepals 2-6, free and imbricate, or united 
and rupturing valvately. Petals in 2—several series, imbricate, 
often conspicuous in bud. Stamens several, in one or several 
series, hypogynous; anthers introrse. Carpels in a single whorl 
or rarely subbiseriate, 1-—-many, free or rarely united, 1—many- 
ovuled; stigma sessile or on a distinct style. Fruit capsular or 
baccate. Seeds with copious endosperm and minute embryo. 
Anatomical features.—Mainly those of true Magnoliaceae. 
The leaves are markedly papillous and glaucous beiow in nearly 
all the species. They contain secretory cells which are filled 
with resin or ethereal oil, and these are visible especially in 
young leaves, appearing as translucent dots. Drimys is remark- 
able in having no vessels in the xylem, a feature common to 
the Gymnosperms, and the wood resembles very much that of 
the Araucarieae especially. It consists entirely of wood prosen- 
chyma, the elements of which have bordered pits and are square 
