58 
water edge the ground rises suddenly to a height of 30 feet, 
whence a flat plain extends inland to the foot of the coast ridge, 
distant perhaps 20 miles. The section of this flat maritime 
plain consists of sand, gravel, vegetable mould and clay, some- 
times with beds of water-worn pebbles, and such is the surface 
of the soil too, unless where hollows have accumulated dark soil, 
the produce of many seasons and rotting marsh vegetation.”’ 
“ This coast fringe of Eastern Africa is obviously a sea beach 
left by the receding waters as this point of the continent was 
slowly upheaved. The first coast range is the landward limit of 
this sand formation, which varies in width from 20 to 100 miles, 
‘the latter width being only met with in what are now river 
valleys, as on the Rovuma, where the sandy gravel extends far 
inland having on either side older strata.”’ 
“The vegetation along the creek of Dar-es-Salam, where we 
were, consisted of many curious and to me unknown bushes, with 
heavy timber scattered here and there. Among the latter was 
the Trachylobium mossambicense,* Klotzsch, distinguished by 
its rounded head of glossy leaves with white groups of flowers 
projecting from the points of the branches. This is the 
*M’Sandarusi’ (Tree of Copal) of the natives, and from it one 
variety of Copal is obtained. On examining the tree more 
closely, the trunk and main limbs were seen to be covered with 
the clear resinous exudation, now brittle and hard; from the 
upper branches it dropped down on the ground below, but not in 
a fluid state. To judge by the appearance it presented I should 
say that the resin dries and hardens after being exuded but must 
be easily broken off by violence. Pieces of various tint and 
presented a smooth polished exterior quite free of any pitting 
r ‘ goose-skin’ known in all kinds dug up from the ground. 
This sort is known in trade as ‘ Sandarusi-ya-su’ti,’ or ‘ Copal 
from the tree.’ It is exported in considerable quantity to India 
but not to Euro 
“ Having thus ‘established the source of one sort of Copal to 
be the Trachylobium and transmitted the resin with full herbarium 
specimens of flower and fruit, which if I mistake not are to this 
day desiderata in all our collections, let me briefly state my 
reasons for thinking that in this we have the source of the oldest 
anzibar copal, the semi-fossil or bituminized resin known in 
the English market as ‘ Animi,’ and which is the most valuable 
of all resins for the manufacture of varnish, exceeding anything 
produced on the west coast for hardness, elasticity and polish. 
There are three distinct kinds of Copal in the Zanzibar trade, 
subdivided by merchants into many classes according to colour, 
orm, surface, and the other peculiarities known to those in the 
trade and affecting the value variously in different markets. 
First we have ‘Sandarusi-ya-su’ti,, Tree Copal; secondly 
‘ Chakazi,’ or copal dug from the soil but modern (seemingly) t in 
* Trachylobium Hornemannianum, Hayne (Leguminoseae). 
