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during their resting period. They must not be planted too deep 
as their roots are surface-feeders, and care must be taken not to 
expose the roots before planting. The best plan is to have the 
holes opened only just ahead of the planters who bring the seed- 
lings in boxes from the nurseries. It is advisable to mix about 
1 Ib. of chemical fertiliser with the soil of each plant before filling 
in the hole; fresh manure is not recommended. A thorough 
watering must be given after planting and repeated every ten 
days for some time, each plant receiving 5 to 10 gallons. The 
usual planting distances are, for oranges and grape fruit, 25 x 25 
ft., or in the best soils 30 x 30 ft., for Satsuma oranges, 20 x 20 ft., 
for lemons 20 x 25 ft., for limes 15 x 20 ft., for kumquat orangey 
10 x 15 ft. 
A most important fact to be borne in mind is that Citrus 
fruits must have good drainage. In Florida, where the land is 
usually very sandy, a hard pan is occasionally found a few feet 
below the surface, and this is generally be broken by dynamite, 
so as to lower the water level of the soil. 
Manures.—The supply of organic matter must receive careful 
attention by way of green manures and in regular applications 
of chemical fertilisers. 
Ss green manures, leguminous plants are generally grown, 
and of these preference is given to Velvet Beans (Stizolobium 
Deeringianum, Bort., and S. niveum, Roxb.) and the Iron and 
Brabham varieties of the Cow Pea (Vigna sinensis, L.). In the 
matter of chemical fertilisers the number of applications and 
composition of the fertiliser require to be varied according to the 
age of the crop. Young trees reveive three or four applications 
a year, in the spring, once or twice in the summer, and finally in 
September. The spring and summer fertilisers contain 5 per 
cent. nitrates, 6-8 per cent. phosphates and 2-3 per cent. potash, 
but in the autumn the nitrates are reduced to 2-3 per cent. 
The first application is 1 to 2 Ibs. a tree, and is increased by 1 |b. 
a tree until the trees are five to six years old and are in full bearing. 
Fertiliser is then given three times a year with a percentage of 
3 to 4 of nitrates, 7 to 8 of phosphates and 3 to 4 of potash, 
until the trees are some ten years old when the amount per tree 
is 15 to 30 lbs. yearly, whilst large, old trees may require as much 
as 30 to 70 lbs. 
Catch crops and honey.—Catch crops of cabbage, lettuce, 
beans and strawberries, and even peaches are grown for the first 
three or four years, but should then be cut out. 
Bee-keeping provides a useful side crop, besides being im- 
portant to the trees for pollination purposes. Excellent honey 
is obtained from the Citrus flowers, and the light-coloured. Italian 
bee, which is common in the United States, is the one usually 
kept. When the flowers are over, however, the bees may be 
removed. ; 
Pruning.—This is confined to thinning out unnecessary 
branches and shaping the tree and is generally done in summer. 
