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poles, pit props, railway sleepers, telegraph poles, and many other 
urposes. Substitutes are at present required. Douglas Fir, 
Lodgepole Pine, White Spruce, Yellow Poplar, or Canary White- 
wood, and for pit props probably Mangrove, might be substituted. 
For further particulars see K.B. 1915, p. 274. 
Silver Fir, White Fir (Abies spp.). 
RITISH.—Grown in the British Isles. Forrran.—Norway 
Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Oregon, Washington, California. 
Used for carpentry, indoor finish of houses, telegraph and tele- 
phone poles (when preserved), toy making, carving, packing cases, 
and wood wool. Cultivation might be extended in the British 
Isles, and several species would probably grow well in South 
Africa and New Zealand. Abzes pectinata, DC., is the chief 
European species, and A. nobilis, Lindl., A. Lowiana, A. Murr., 
and A. grandis, Lindl., some of the principal American species. 
Other information on White Fir is given in K.B. 1912, p. 83. 
Spruce, White Deal (Picea spp.). 
Britisu.—Newfoundland, Canada, grown in the British Isles. 
Foreran.—Norway, Sweden, Russia, Germany, U.S. America. 
Used for indoor finish of houses, common furniture, pit props, 
scaffold pcles, paper pulp, toy making. P. excelsa, Link., sup- 
plies the bulk of European pulp wood, and P. alba, Link, the 
greater part of that from Eastern N. America. P. sitchensis, 
Trautv. and Mey., from Western N. America, is a valuable timber 
tree, and is very useful for planting on wet ground in exposed 
places in the British Isles and in other temperate countries. The 
wood of this species is used largely in the manufacture of aero- 
planes under the name of Silver Spruce. 
Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta, Dougl., and var. Murrayana, 
ngelm.). 
Bririsu.—British Columbia. Forrren.—Oregon, Washington, 
S. Alaska. Timber used for general work in America. Might be 
used as a substitute for Scots Pine here. 
American Red Pine, Canadian Red Pine, Norway Pine (Pinus 
restnosa, Soland.). 
Britisu.—Canada. 
The timber is not considered to be of such good quality as the 
best Baltic Redwood, but it is used for many of the purposes to 
which Baltic Redwood is put, and would. probably give good 
Tesults for sleepers, pit props, and paving blocks. 
Long leaf Pine, Pitch Pine (Pinus palustris, Mill.). 
Forr1gn.—South-Eastern United States of America. 
| This wood has advanced rapidly in price during recent years, 
oe and it is probable that Douglas Fir may be used instead of it in 
the future for many kinds of work. 
