58 



Mexico, San Salvador, Portuguese Possessions in India and 

 Africa, French Sornaliland, Turkey in Asia, Java, Venezuela, 

 Ecuador, Peru, Liberia, Chile, Panama, East Africa Protec- 

 torate, Uganda, JNTyasaland, and British West Indies, to a total 



in 1913 of 948,017 centals. 



1. 1891, "Artificial Coffee Beans," pp. 201-204; 1894, 



Coffee Cultivation in Angola," pp. 161-163; " Maragogipe 

 Coffee," pp. 163-164. 



la. ix. 3 (1915), "Coffea," pp. 361-373. 



" African n or "BNegro Peach" (Sarcocephalus esculentus, 

 Afzel.), a tree or shrub of West Africa has an edible fruit eaten 



a 



by the natives. 



COMPO SITAE. 



Helianthus animus, Linn.; Sunflower. 



Annual, varying according to variety from about 3 to 10 ft. 

 in height, native probably of North America, common in Mexico, 

 extending to Peru, and under cultivation in many tropical and 

 sub-tropical countries. "American Giant," "White Russian," 

 "Large Russian," &c, are strains commonly grown for seed. 



The seeds are used for feeding poultry, and in Russia by the 

 inhabitants there they are eaten like nuts; roasted and ground 

 they are sometimes used as a substitute for coffee. They yield an 

 oil suitable for culinary and table purposes, in the manufacture 

 of margarine, and said to be equal to olive or almond oil, for 

 which it is sometimes substituted. The residue, after the extrac- 

 tion of the oil, is pressed into cakes and used for feeding cattle — 

 for which purpose it is considered advisable to grind it into as 

 fine a meal as possible to admit of easier digestion, this cake 

 being harder than most oil cakes, and almost impossible for cattle 

 to chew in large pieces. The leaves mixed with bran are con- 

 sidered good fodder for cattle and horses. Sometimes sun- 

 flowers are grown thickly and cut for fodder, but the woody 

 nature of the plant makes them undesirable for this purpose 



(Piper). 



Helianthus tuberosus, Linn.; Artichoke, Jerusalem Artichoke. 



Herbaceous perennial, stems 6 to 10 ft. high, native of North 

 America; introduced to Europe, Asia, Africa, &c. ; cultivated 

 generally for the tuberous roots as a vegetable and sometimes 

 used as food for stock. " Helianthi " is a closely allied plant 

 that has been advised as equal, if not superior, to the Jerusalem 

 Artichoke; but experiments go to show that it is less valuable 

 as a forage crop. 



la. ix. 3 (1915), " Helianthus," pp. 385-389. 



2. Sept. 1894, " Sunflower Seed Cake/' pp. 72-73; Aug. 1908, 

 " Sunflower Seed/ 5 pp. 369-370; Feb. 1912. "Jerusalem Arti- 

 chokes as Food for Stock," pp. 926-931; Feb. 1912, "Helianthi 

 as a Food for Stock/' pp. 937-938; April, 1918, "Jerusalem 

 Artichokes/' pp. 84-85. 



Cichorium Intybus, Linn. ; Chicory, Succory. 



Perennial, with a tuberous root. Europe, where, including 



"i 





