74. 
than those with scattered bundles (Monocotyledons), 
though it does not necessarily follow that the latter .; 
have been directly derived from the former. j 
(9) The spiral arrangement of leaves on the stem and of — 
the floral leaves precedes that of the opposite or 
whorl ie. : 
(10) As a rule simple leaves precede compound leaves. 
Relating to the flowers and fruits of plants. 
~ (11) Bisexual a preceded unisexual flowers, 
and t ioecious is probably more recent than the 
monoecious condition. 
(12) The solitary flower is more primitive than the inflor- 
escence, the highest forms of the latter being the 
umbel and capitulum :—examples of the latter, 
Umbelliferae, Compositae. 
(13) Spirally arranged floral parts are more primitive than 
Ww d and valvate: examples Ranunculus. and 
Clematis. 
2) Many-parted flowers (polymerous) precede, and the 
type with few parts (oligomerous) follows from it, 
being accompanied by a progressive sterilization of 
reproductive parts (sporophylls). 
— Petaliferous flowers precede apetalous ones, the latter 
eing the result of reduction. 
(16) Free petals (polypetaly) are more primitive than 
connate petals (gamopetaly). 
(17) seas mpd (regularity) of the flower is an earlier 
type than zygomorphy (irregularity); examples 
Caltha and Delphinium 
(18) Hypogyny is the primitive structure and from it 
perigyny and epigyny were derived later. 
se Free carpels (apocarpy) are more primitive and from 
em connate carpels resulted ; sometimes however, 
when the carpels have remained loosely united 
during evolution they may again become quite free. 
(20) Many carpels (polycarpy) preceded few carpels (oligo- 
carpy); examples Ranunculus and Nigella. 
(21) The endospermic seed with small embryo is primitive _ 
nd the non- peg seed higher :—examples 
Ranunculaceae and Rosac 
(22) In the primitive flowers ae are many stamens, in the 
higher flowers few stamens :—Ranunculus and Cheir- 
anthus. This condition may, however, be reversed 
in response to the needs of insect life within the 
confines of a single family like Papaveraceae, where 
bees feed on the pollen. 
(28) Separate stamens preceded snc stamens ; examples 
Campanulaceae and Lobelia 
_ (24) Aggregate fruits are more ae he single fruits and - 
a rule the capsule precedes the drupe or berry. > 
