196 VIOLACEiE. Viola. 



* * Strictlj' acaulescent ; the leaves and scapes directly from rootstocks (or rarely from 

 runuers) : gibbous-davate style with iuflexed or truncate and beardless smnmit and an 

 antrorsely beaked or short-pointed small proper stigma. 



-I— Rootstocks thick and comparatively short, ascending or little creeping, never filiform or 

 producing runners or stolons, commonly scaly-toothed or knobby by persistent thickened 

 bases of petioles : corolla only saccate-spurred, blue or violet-purple with occasional 

 white varieties ; lateral and sometimes other petals bearded toward base. Species or 

 forms widely different in extremes as to foliage, but running together : cleistogamous 

 flowers abundant and short-peduncled, close to the ground. 



V. pedatifida, Don. Mostly puberulent : leaves imitating those of the preceding species, 

 all pedately dissected or flabellately multifid into linear divisions or lobes : flowers smaller 

 and more blue than in V. pedata, just as in the following. — Syst. i. 320. V. pimiata, 

 Richards, in Franklin 1st Journ. ed. 1, App. 734 (reprint, p. 6), not L. which has longer 

 and narrower spur. V. pedala, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 74, mainly (excl. syn.) ; Macoun, Cat. 

 Canad. PI. 63. T". dclphinifoUa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 136; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 78. — 

 Prairies, Saskatchewan to Illinois, Colorado, and New Mexico. Occasional similar speci- 

 mens occur in New England. 



V. palmata, L. From glabrous to villous-pubescent : earlier leaves roundish-cordate or 

 reniform and merely crenate ; later ones or some of them very various, palmately or pedately 

 or hastately (or even subptnnately) lobed or cleft or parted, the divisions or lobes from 

 obovate to linear. — Spec. ii. 933 (Gronov. Virg. 182; Pluk. Mant. 187, & Aim. t. 447, 

 f. 9) ; Walt. Car. 218 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 535 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 151 (including all the forms) ; 

 Reichenb. Ic. PI. Crit. i. 37, t. 41, 42 ; Torr. & Gra)', 1. c. 137. V. cucullatu, var. palmata, 

 Gray, Man. ed. 2, 43 ; Willis, Cat. PI. N. J. 8. V. ranuncidifoUa, Juss. iu Poir. Diet. viii. 

 626. V. digitata, Pursh, Fl. i. 171, form with much dissected leaves, answering to V. sep- 

 temloba, Ije Conte, from whom he had it. V. heterophylla (Muhl. Cat.), palmata, congener 

 {triloba, Schwein.), & septemloha, Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 139-141, &c. V. edidis, Spach, 

 Hist. Veg. V. 508, superfluous name. — Moist or dryish ground. Nova Scotia and Canada to 

 Florida and Texas, in rich or wet soil disposed to produce only undivided leaves, i. e. to 

 become 



Var. CUCUllata, Gray. Leaves all without division, variously rounded-cordate or 

 reniform, or hastate-reniform, &c., the basal sides, especially in the later and enlarging 

 leaves cucullate-involute. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 254. V. obliqua, Hill, Hort. Kew. 316, t. 12; Ait. 

 Kew. iii. 288 (pale-flowered form) ; not Pursh. V. ciicidlata. Ait. 1. c. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. 

 t. 1795; Don iu Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 298; & of authors generally. V. sororia, 

 Willd. Enum. 263, & Hort. Berol. t. 72 ; Reichenb. 1. c. 39, t. 44, f. 94. V. papiltonacea, 

 Pursh, Fl. i. 173. V. asarifoUa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 732, late and large-leaved state. F. cordata 

 & V. villosa,^ Walt. 1. c. 219 (V. cordifolia, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 62, and V. villosa, 

 var. cordifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 148) are mainly vernal forms of drier or more sterile ground, 

 and apt later to produce lobed leaves. F. ajfinis, & F. congener, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 

 138, 140. F. cucullata, affinis, & asarifoUa, Le Conte, 1. c. 137-141. T'^, cucullata, var. 

 striata, Willis, 1. c, a form with pale petals and darker stripes. White or variegated flowers 

 not uncommon. — Same range, and extending to mountains westward, from Brit. Columbia 

 to Arizona. Most polymorphous ; any of the forms may present some lobed or cleft leaves ; 

 but these are common in sterile soil. 



V. sagittata, Ait. From villous to glabrous : leaves from oblong-ovate or cordate-oblong 

 to lanceolate, often with hastate (rather tlian sagittate) or subcuneate base; earlier with 

 short and margined petioles and crenulate or almost entire; later longer-petioled and 

 often hastately laciniate-lobulate at base : flowers comparatively large and bright violet-blue. 



1 These forms appear sufficiently noteworthy to receive varietal distinction as follows: Var. 

 VILl6sa, Robinson, n. var. Leaves smaller, prostrate or nearly so, neither cucullate nor (with rare 

 exceptions) lobed, either villous-piibescent and somewhat silvery ( V. villosa, Walt.) or green and 

 nearly glabrous ( V. cordata, Walt.). — With the other varieties and intergrading with both the lobed 

 and cucullate forms, yet generally distinguishable in sterile soil of the Southern Atlantic States. The 

 contour of the leaf, varying upon the same individual from reniform to ovate and acute, forms no 

 satisfactory distinction. 



