Viola. VIOLACE^E. 203 



yellowish white, lower petal with brown-purple lines ; spur thick, rather shorter than the 

 sepals: capsule ovoid. — Kew. iii. 290; Willd. Spec. i. 1166; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; Reichenb. 

 Ic. ri. Crit. i. 45, t. 54, f. 112; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 139 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 73, t. 8 ; Gray, 

 Man. ed. 5, 79. T. debilis, Michx. Fl. ii. 150. V. albijiora, Link, Euum. i. 241. V. striata, 

 ochroleiica, & repens, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 76, 69, 70. V. Lewisiana, Ging. in DC. 

 Prodr. i. 298. — Low and shady grounds, along streams, Upper Canada and New York to 

 mountains of Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. 



V. canina, L. Mostly low and rather small-leaved, spring flowering and later cleistoga" 

 mous : corolla blue or violet (rarely a white variety) : petals inconspicuously lineate : spur 

 cylindraceous, from a third to more than half the length of tlie petals : capsule ovuid- 

 oblong. — Spec. ii. 935. — A collective species or assemblage (Eu. & N. Asia), of which the 

 N. American forms may as well be ranked as special varieties. 



Var. Muhlenbergii, Trautv. Glabrous or nearly so, ascending or erect from short 

 root-stocks, a span or more high, often with some decumbent radical stems which may elon- 

 gate into leafy runners in summer : lower leaves round-reniform and upper round-cordate, half 

 inch to inch long, crenuLite : petals a tliird to at most half inch long, light violet, occasion- 

 ally white. — Act. Hort. Petrop. v. 28 ; Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 292. V. 3Iu/tlenberr/ii, Torr. Fl. 

 N. & Midd. States, 256 (1824) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 140. V. MuUenberfjIana, Ging. in DC. 

 Prodr. i. 297 ; Le Conte, 1. c. 148 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 78, with var. minor, a small form, of 

 which the extreme is of same name by Lauge, Fl. Dan. t. 2710, in Greenland. V. asarifolia 

 (ulir/inosa), Muhl. Cat. 26, not Pursh. V. debilis, Pursh, Fl. i. 174 ; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 97, 

 not Michx. ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1378. V. Labradorica, Schrank, Regensb. Denskr. Bot. 

 Gesell. i. pt. 2, 12; DC. 1. c. 306. V. punctata, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 67 ; DC. I.e. 305. 

 V. conspersa, Reichenb. Ic. PL Crit. i. 44, t. 52, f. 108. V. canina, var. syh'estris, Regel, Bull. 

 Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxv. 245, partly ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 79 ; "Wats. Bibl. Index, 82. — Low and 

 shady or wet grounds, mountains of N. Carolina and in low country of Penn. to Minnesota, 

 L. Superior (where a summer form in loose sand on the beach imitates the European 

 F. arenaria, coll. Engelmann), northward, and northeastward to Labrador and Greenland. 

 More like V. sijlvestris than any other Old World form. 



Var.* puberula, Watson. Finely puberuleut throughout : leaves ovate, shallowly or 

 often not at all cordate, mostly small in size : flowers also small. — Wats, in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 

 81. V. si/lvestris, var. puberula, Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn. ix. 17. — Dry ground, 

 mostly rocky or sandy soil, Maine to Lake Superior, and adjacent Canada, and westward 

 even to Washington and Oregon. 



Var. multicaiilis, Gray. More depressed and stoloniferous, beginning to blossom 

 from radical rosettes, soon producing prostrate leafy cleistogamous flowering branches : 

 leaves mostly suborbicular, cordate or reniform, small : stipules commonly brownish-scarious 

 and strongly pectinate-laciniate. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 292. V. canina, Walt. Car. 219. V. radi- 

 cans, DC. Prodr. i. 297. V. repens, Schwein. I.e. 69. V. Muhlenbergii, vav. multicaulis, Torr. 

 & Gray, 1. c. 140.1 — Rocky or sandy ground, Kentucky to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas ; fl. 

 Feb. to April, and later cleistogamous on the runners. 



Var. adlinca, Gray. Nearly glabrous, multicipital and mostly very short-.stemmed 

 from more indurated rootstocks : leaves from ovate-orbicular to oblong-ovate, barely sub- 

 cordate, rarely lower ones more deeply cordate : petals from half down to quarter inch long ; 

 spur commonly almost as long as the petals, either a little curved or hooked or straight. — 

 Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377 ; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif, i. 55, with var. longipes. V. Muhlen- 

 bergii, var. pubescens, passing to V. adunca. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 404. 

 V, adunca. Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxxviii. ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 79 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 141. 

 V, longipes, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 140 ; Benth. PI. Hartw. 298, form with long pedun- 

 cles, flowers nearly of V. sijlvestris, and abbreviated stems, the large spur sometimes curved, 

 oftener straight. V. canina, var. rupesLris, Regel, 1. c. 250, as to plant of N. W. Coast. — 

 Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Montana (where it passes into the preceding form) and 

 northward, west to mountains of Arizona, the coast of California, and Alaska, northeast 

 to the Ottawa, Canada. 



Var. OX^ceras, Watson. Spur of the rather small corolla narrow, acute, about as 

 long as the petals: peduncles not surpassing the leaves. — Bot. Calif, i. 56. — California in 



1 Add syn. V. multicaulis, Britten, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 227. 



