118 LIFE-HISTORIES OF HELIOZELIDZ 
roughly oval case which is then cut off entirely from the leaf, leaving an oval 
hole in its place. The case is composed of two thin slightly concave pieces 
joined together on their concave faces. The margins are loosely fastened 
with silk. After cutting out this case, the larva behaves exactly like a case- 
bearer such as Macraeola inquisitrix and moves about, carrying the case and 
thrusting its head out at either end indifferently. As the larva is devoid of 
legs, it effects locomotion in a peculiar way by means of silk; the head is 
thrust out of the case and silk is applied to the surface on which it moves, thus 
securing the case ; next, silk is stretched from the margin of the case to some 
point ahead and the case is drawn forward and fastened there ; thus the larva 
moves about in its case even on vertical surfaces. After some time the case 
is fastened to a suitable place, usually by two or more silken threads of which 
one end is attached to the margin of the case and the other to the supporting 
surface. In confinement the cases were attached to the leaves lying on the 
bottom of the cage, or to the walls or top of the cage. After securing the case 
to a suitable place, the larva spins a brown oval cocoon inside it and pupates 
in that. The cocoon is formed in the central part of the case, its longer axis 
lengthwise. When the cocoon is formed, the central portions of the two leaf 
epiderms forming the case are drawn much closer together, with the result 
that a longitudinal ridge appears at the middle of each. 
In some of these cases, there are a few short brown processes radiating 
from the margin (figure d); these are strands of silk which are applied 
to the margins of the case to connect it to the leaf while it is being cut out 
by the larva. . 
The full-grown larva (figure b) is about 4 mm. long by about 0°75 mm. 
broad across middle, flattened, tapering posteriorly, segments distinct and 
rather protuberant laterally, pale yellow witha greenish tinge, somewhat 
shiny and transparent ; head smaller than prothorax, red-brown ; prothorax 
wholly dark brown ; thin hairs scattered on head and body ; legs and prolegs 
absent. 
The pupa (figure f) is about 2°25 to 2°5 mm. long, dorsally rather 
convex, narrowed towards extremities, brown (darkening before emergence 
of adult) ; a deep constriction behind head, differentiating this from thorax ; 
tip of wing case reaching penultimate segment and posterior legs reaching 
or even slightly exceeding anal extremity ; four abdominal spiracles on each 
side are white tubular projections. Before emergence of the moth, the pupa 
wriggles out to some extent through one end of the cocoon, the empty pupa- 
case remaining protruding from the cocoon. The pupal period is about six 
days. (Pusa Insectary Cage-slips 1431, 1463.) 
