PUPIDA. (a! 
the base; aperture subtriangular, oblong, toothed ; peristome 
callous, reflected. P. Sturmi, Kuster. 4 sp. Natolia, Madeira. 
LEUCOCHILA, Martens, 1860. Cylindrically ovate, apex some- 
what obtuse, smooth, pellucid, shining ; aperture semioval, eden- 
tulous, or ar med with teeth or plications ; lip thickened, reflexed, 
rimate. P. fallax, Say. P. armifera, Say (e7o)P°s sp. United 
States, West Indies. 
SPHYRADIUM, Agassiz, 1837. Shell rimate or umbilicate, oblong, 
obconic, apex obtuse, pallid corneous, costulate; whorls 6-8, 
rather flat, the last compressed; aperture edentulous or few- 
plicate; outer lip incurved in the middle. P. truncatella, Pfr. 
10 sp. Southern Europe, Caucasus, Himalaya Mts. 
PAGODINA, Stabile, 1864. (Pagodulina, Clessin.) P. pagodula, 
Desm. Europe. 
pupPIsoMA, Stoliczka. Shell subconic or ovate, thin, corneous, 
the cuticle transversely striate ; aperture edentulous ; columellar 
lip somewhat expanded, internally twisted, often with a small 
tooth. 2sp. P. lignicola, Stol, Penang. 
DENDROPUPA, Fischer, 1883. P. vetusta, Dawson. Carbonif- 
erous ; Nova Scotia. There are a number of tertiary species. 
ANTHRACOPUPA, Whitfield, 1881. P. Ohioensis, Whitfield. Carb.; 
Ohio. 
LAURIA, Gray, 1840. (Gastrodon, Lowe, 1854.) Peristome 
margined, reflexed ; the young shell with a transverse series of 
short, triangular plaits, disappearing in the later whorls. P. 
umbilicata, Drap. 4 sp. Europe, Madeira, Teneriffe, Abyssinia. 
PUPILLA, Leach, 1820. (Torquatella, Held, 1837. Paludinella, 
Lowe, 1854. Odostomia, Moquin-Tandon, 1855.) Cylindrical, 
apex obtuse ; whorls 5-9, corneous, somewhat shining ; aperture 
rounded, lip expanded, scarcely reflected, armed with teeth or 
without teeth. PP. biplicata, Mich. (c, 7,8). Ti sp. Universal, 
mostly European, Indian and North American. 
Vertico, Miller, 1774. 
Syn.—Pupella, Swains., 1840. Mastula and Staurodon, Lowe, 
1852. 
Distr.—100 sp. Universal. Fossil. Liassic? Miocene—. 
Shell minute, rimate, oval, frequently sinistral, apex obtuse ; 
whorls five or six, striate or plicate; aperture irregular, multi- 
dentate ; peristome expanded, with white lip. 
Animal without inferior tentacles ; jaw nearly smooth or longi- 
tudinally wrinkled, subrostrate in the middle; marginal teeth 
saw-like. 
ALAA, Jeffreys, 1830. (Isthmia, Moquin-Tandon, 1835. Dexio- 
gyra, Stabile, 1864.) Shell cylindrical; aperture denticulate or 
multilamellate ; peristome simple. V. antivertigo, Drap. (ce, 11, 
