PREFACE. vii 



by Dr. Mason and friends ; for Herefordshire by Mr. Thomas 

 Hutchinson, for Lancashire and Cheshire by Dr. J. W. Ellis, 

 and for Yorkshire by Mr. G. T. Porritt. For the whole of 

 Scotland Dr. F. Buchanan White has contributed the results 

 of the research of many years, and additional information 

 has been furnished by Dr. Carlier and Messrs. Arthur 

 Home, Adam Elliott, and W. Reid, with a long list of Perth- 

 shire species by the late Sir Thomas MoncriefFe. 



For Ireland it has been necessary to rely largely upon the 

 catalogue drawn up in 1867 by the late Mr. Edwin Birchall, 

 with additions and corrections by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane, the 

 Rev. J. Bristowe, Rev. W. F. Johnson, Rev. W. W. Fleniyng, 

 Mr. G. V. Hart and others. 



Lastly, I have received very much assistance in personal 

 information, MS. descriptions of larva?, use of books and of 

 rare species and interesting vaiieties, and indeed every possible 

 help, from Mr. Sydney Webb, Dr. P. B. Mason, Mr. Charles 

 Fenn, Mr. C. A. Briggs, Mr. Herbert Goss, Mr. S. J. Capper, 

 Rev. Joseph Greene, Major Still, Mr. S. Stevens, Mr. F. J. 

 Hanbury, JMr. E. Sabine, and many others ; all this help being 

 received with the warmest acknowledgments, and valued as a 

 means of making the work more complete and more widely 

 useful. 



From the great amount of attention which has recently 

 been given to the variations and aberrations observable in 

 different species, it has now become possible to furnish much 

 information as to the mutations in colour and in markings 

 to which each species is liable, either locally, casually, or in 

 consequence of a natural instability in the species in these 

 respects. Somewhat detailed descriptions of the typical forms, 

 at greater length than is commonly deemed necessary, are 



