vi PREFACE. 



fresh from the mind of the observer ; while frequent use has 

 been made of works such as Stainton's Manual of British 

 Butterflies and Moths, Lang's Butterflies of Europe, Newman's 

 Illustrated Natural History of British Butterflies and Moths, 

 Buckler's Larrcr of British Butterflies and Moths edited by 

 Stainton and published by the Eay Society, Kirhy's Buropean 

 Butterflies and Moths, Berge's Schmetterlingslnich, Dale's 

 British Butterflies, and others, not neglecting the older 

 authors — Haworth, Stephens, Curtis, and Westwood. For 

 localities the most recent available information has been made 

 use of, in some degree to the exclusion of that in the older 

 works, since, from the increase of cities and towns, and of a 

 smoky condition of the air resulting therefrom, and from 

 extension of native industries, as well as from effects of culti- 

 vation, species have, in numerous instances, been driven away 

 from their old and known localities, while the natural 

 instincts of diffusion and migration have to some extent been 

 effective in the opposite direction. Therefore, it has been 

 found necessary to rely largely upon personal observation, 

 private communications, and the more carefully drawn up 

 local lists, such as those compiled by the Rev. E. N. Bloom- 

 field for Suffolk and for the Hastings districts, by Lieutenant 

 Walker and Mr. W. Chaney for East Kent, Mr. E. A. Fitch 

 for Essex, Mr. J. H. A. Jenner for East Sussex, Mr. W. H. B. 

 Fletcher for West Sussex, Mr. E. R. Bankes for the Isle of 

 Purbeck, Dorsetshire, Mr. A. E. Hudd for the Bristol district, 

 Mr. J. Hartley Durrant for Hertfordshire, Mr. G. Balding for 

 the Fenland ; that for Norfolk published by the Norfolk and 

 Norwich Naturalists' Society, with additions by Lord Wal- 

 singham. Dr. F. D. Wheeler, Rev. C. T. Cruttwell and Mr. 

 E. A. Atmore ; that for the district round Burton-on-Trent 



