NYMPHALID^. 169 



each fore wing, almost entirely black on the upper side ; the 

 under side of the fore wings is also much blackened, the green 

 of the hind wings smoky, the silvery spots edged with black, 

 and most of them changed to a steely-blue. 

 On the wing in July and August. 



Larva, If inch long, rather thickest in the middle, the second 

 segment with two simple spines pointing forward and curved 

 slightly back, and two branched spines ; the next two seg- 

 ments with four branched spines, and the remainder, to the 

 tail, with six. All the spines black, and among them some 

 short black hairs. Head hairy, shining black ; body glossy dark 

 violet-grey, thickly marbled with velvety black, except on the 

 spiracular line. Dorsal line black, widening at the middle of 

 each segment and edged on each side by a strijDe of bright 

 ochreous-yellow. Spiracles black, and close below each a 

 spot of bright orange-red, connected below with a thin 

 orange-ochreous line ; ventral surface and pro-legs blackish- 

 brown. (Buckler.) 



May and June, on Viola canina (Dog violet), and probably 

 other species of Viola. In confinement Mr. Sydney Webb 

 tells me that it greatly prefers Pulygala vuUjuns, utterly 

 neglecting the violet if this plant is supplied. 



Pupa, shining, squared in front, and extremely blunt ; 

 back of the thorax raised into a blunt ridge, then depressed 

 to a hollow ; abdomen so much rounded that the anal hooks 

 are directed forwards, and having, down the back, two rows of 

 blunt conical knobs ; wing-sheaths very thick, with prominent 

 edges below ; wing-cases, head, and thorax, pitchy -black, 

 somewhat reticulated with brownish-ochreous ; abdomen 

 ochreous, mottled with brown ; dorsal points blackish, tipped 

 with yellow ; spiracles black. Mr. Buckler found the leaves 

 of the violet plant spun together so as to form a square tent- 

 like enclosure, within which was the pupa suspended to the 

 under side of a sloping leaf, the surface of which had been 



