232 LEPIDOPTERA. 



the winter, and, in some cases, larv^ become full fed and 

 assume the pupa state, either in the winter or extremely 

 early in the spring. The Rev. Joseph Greene states in his 

 work on pupa digging that he has several times met with the 

 pupa suspended from a blade of grass, at the roots of trees, 

 when digging for moth pupas, and I have found it in the 

 early spring in the shelter of the bottom of a stone wall. It 

 thus seems possible that the April brood of butterilies is 

 produced from those which have pupated very early in the 

 year, and sometimes an emergence at the end of May from 

 the larviB which hybernated more completely. No satisfactory 

 evidence seems to exist of complete hybernation in the pupa 

 state, or indeed in that of the larva, but rather that the latter 

 is active and feeding whenever the weather is mild, and that 

 it will take advantage of any special circumstances, even the 

 shelter and warmth of a stone wall. 



Pupa stout with the head obtusely notched, the back of 

 the thorax swelling up in a steep curve, and falling in, 

 gradually, at the waist, the abdomen swelling in a bold curve 

 to the tail ; underside of the thorax nearly straight, of the 

 abdomen curved ; anal spike short and stout, rather flattened, 

 having a number of curved spines which hold most tenaciously 

 to the silken pad spun by the larva. Pale green or yellowish- 

 green, sometimes tinged with whitish or dusted with smoky ; 

 wings outlined with brown ; on the abdomen a short sub- 

 dorsal row of three small whitish-yellow spots. (Hellins). 

 Occasionally brownish with darker brown lines. 



Common about the outsides, and broad rides, of woods, and 

 in lanes where the hedges are high ; indeed, in many districts 

 to be found in every country road and lane. This is perhaps 

 more especially noticeable in the west, and the insect appears to 

 flourish better in the most western districts than in the drier 

 eastern and south-eastern counties. Mr. C. W. Dale says 

 that in Dorsetshire it is far more abundant in wet seasons 

 than in those which are dry and hot, and has very little 



