METHODS OF OWNERSHIP. 85 



The Trade. — How it is cleaned and to whom it is sent 

 from here is known only to those concerned in the trade j 

 Avhile its ultimate destination and the purposes for which it 

 is used is not known by those engaged in its preparation. 



It is certainly used by brewers for ''fining" beer^ and that 

 may be its only use. 



7. Fish-oil Manufacture. 



Fish Oil. — Besides pilchard oil, which has already (p. 84) 

 been spoken of, oil is prepared from the livers of skate, ray, cod, 

 and hake. The livers are boiled down and the oil collected. 



Uses. — The oil is used for rope making and ship building, 

 &c., while the refuse solid matter, which at one time was 

 used for soap making, is now unsaleable. There is only a 

 small business carried on here in this manufacture. 



9. Ice Manufacture. 



Ice is manufactured in an establishment on the Fish Quay 

 — the Ice Manufacturing Company — by the ammonia process. 

 Ice is also obtained from Norway, and stored here by the 

 Ice Manufacturing Company, who have accommodation for 

 550 tons, and by an ice merchant. 



III. — Methods of Owneeship, Wage, Apprenticeship, 

 Insueance, and Sale op Fish. 



This section may be divided into — 



1. Payment of trawlers. 2. Payment of drifters. 3. 

 Payment of hookers. 4. Systems of payment compared. 

 5. The insurance of trawlers. 6. The insurance of drifters 

 and hookers. 7. Methods of selling and buying fish. 



Owners. — Smacks are frequently owned by several indi- 

 viduals, who, as shareholders in the vessel, are paid in pro- 

 portion to the amount of money invested, out of the receipts 

 of the fishing. Not a few are, however, owned by indi- 

 viduals who are generally boat builders, fishermen, or others 

 connected with the fishing trade. 



" Worldng out " Trawlers. — Trawlers are at times built 

 without orders, as a speculation by the builder, and facilities 

 offered to young and energetic fishermen to enable them to 



