288 * 
435 * 
453 * 
462 * 
529 * 
546 * 
552 * 
580 * 
582 * 
RESEARCHES ON RACES OF HERRINGS. 119 
14th and 15th vertebrz have each two pairs of hemal spines, the sub- 
sidiary pair being in the middle, but only the 14th pair has also a 
corresponding neural arch. 
19th neural spines quite free. 
24th hzemal spines free ; no loop formed. 
5th neural spines are separate, and there is an extra free neural spine 
on the right, and the 5th, 7th, and 8th hemal arch processes are bi- 
furcated at the tip, and three of the 7th are not joined together at 
all, that is both spines are free. 
15th and 16th left rays of hemal arches are joined up with the 15th 
right heemal arch ray. The 16th right ray is free. 
In the case of high numbers as 33 and 34 the first heemal arch is generally 
without the lateral processes. 
11th heemal arch, processes not fused, and right one bifurcated. 
Atlas with pair of well-developed dorso-lateral spines. 
Extra spine on 16th hzmal arch, arising from junction of processes of 
arch. 
* Last vertebra but two is peculiar, being unusually small, and being 
somewhat fenestrated on the left side but normal on the right side. 
Otherwise the skeleton is quite normal. 
The eleventh vertebra bears on the left a heemal spine showing a slight 
bifurcation at the tip; the hzemal spines in the anterior region in 
this fish were very well developed. 
Ist arch broken, but still attached to vertebra. 
Less well developed than processes of anterior vertebra. 
The last vertebra but two is apparently made up of two fused, being 
almost twice as long as adjacent ones ; it bears two pairs of hemal 
and neural spines, but has only an anterior and posterior articulation; 
the centre is distinctly fused. This is only counted as one. 
lst vertebra with complete hzemal arch has a supernumerary hemal 
process on the left side, and the 14th vertebra with complete hemal 
arch has a supernumerary pair of hemal and neural spines arising 
from middle of vertebra ; both pairs of hzemal spines are joined by a 
cross-piece on the right side. 
Sample IV. 
lst hemal arch broken off centrum, but still attached. 
Extra spine from junction of hzemal spines of 23rd vertebra from 
posterior end. 
On some posterior hzemal arches are spherical concretions which appear 
like little beads of melted metal. This phenomenon has been noticed 
on other skeletons also. 
588 * Atlas, Ist, and axis, 2nd, vertebre fused together; counted as two. 
