THE MIGRATION OF THE ANCHOVY. 301 
shot once, but no anchovies were caught. No anchovies were 
reported from Torquay. 
In November and December, 1894, twenty-seven anchovies were 
obtained from Plymouth fishermen. The Association’s nets were 
shot five times in November, but no anchovies were caught, and 
it-was definitely ascertained that none were taken at Torquay. 
My general conclusions from the facts known concerning the 
anchovy are as follows: 
It seems at present most probable that the anchovies which 
spawn on the Dutch coast in June and July are those which are 
found in the English Channel in autumn and winter. We do not 
know of any spawning places of this fish on the west coast of 
Europe, except the east side of the North Sea. The spawn has 
been observed in the Zuyder Zee and in the open sea near Nordeney 
by Ehrenbaum. We have not seen any anchovy spawn in the 
ueighbourhood of Plymouth, and there is no evidence of the 
presence of anchovies in that locality in summer. But anchovies 
are caught on the French shore of the Bay of Biscay, at any rate 
in the southern part. We do not know if they spawn there. IH, 
then, the anchovies in the Channel move north in summer when 
they spawn, how is it that their place is not taken by other an- 
chovies coming up from the south ? 
The reply to this question is probably given by the peculiar dis- 
tribution of summer and winter temperature. There is a much 
greater range of temperature in the shallow estuaries and basins on 
the coast of Holland than in the deeper water at the entrance to 
the English Channel. On the chart of temperatures of the Atlantic, 
published by the Meteorological Office, the August temperature 
near Plymouth is 61° to 62°, and outside the Frisian Islands it is 
marked 62°, 63°, and near Heligoland 65°. The temperature in the 
Zuyder Zee is higher in summer than that of the sea outside. We 
know from the Dutch observations that in 1887 the seven days’ mean 
temperature at 7 p.m. in the Zuyder Zee in July varied from 62°6° 
to 66:2°. According to observations published by Mr. Dickson in 
this Journal, vol. ii, p. 276, the ten days’ mean off Plymouth in July, 
1891, was 57°2° to 574°. In the same year the seven days’ mean of 
the surface water in the Zuyder Zee was in July 62°2° to 63°3°, 
In 1892 the surface temperature in February, ten days’ mean, 
according to Mr. Dickson, was 44°1° to 46°4°. In the Zuyder Zee for 
the same month it was 33°9° to 39:0°. 
It is clear, therefore, that the water on the coast of Holland is 
warmer in summer and colder in winter than that of the English 
Channel. This explains why anchovies do not spawn in the 
Channel. A temperature equal to that on the coast of Holland in 
