266 R. HAETMEYER. 



The next author after Pallas is Linn?eus. In the 12th and also 

 m the 13th Edition of the "Systema Naturae" he records an 

 Alcyonium {Alcionium) Ficus with the same synonymy as Pallas. 

 This literature reference is thus also a partial synonym of both species. 



The Dutch translation of Pallas' Elench. Zooph. by Bodd^rt (1768), 

 Houttuyn's edition (1772) of Linnaeus' Syst. Nat. ed. 12, St. Miiller's 

 German edition (1775) of the same work, and an extract from Miiller's 

 edition by Hoslin (1782) give nothing new. 



The. Alcyonium Ficus,v^h\Q\\ Berkenhout mentions in the "Outlines 

 of the natural History of Great Britain and Ireland" dated 1769, 

 refers to Ellis' form, and is therefore exclusively a synonym of the 

 Ascidian. The species appears again later in both editions of the 

 "Synopsis of the natural History of Great Britain and 

 Ireland" by the same author dated 1789 and 1795, which constitute 

 the 2nd and 3rd editions of the " Outlines," 



To Ellis and Solander belongs the credit of having pointed out for 

 the first time in their "History of Zoophytes," in the year 1786, the 

 specific difference between the sponge and the ascidian. The ascidian 

 originally called "Sea-Fig" by Ellis received the name " AlcT/onmm 

 Fulmonaria," without however the authors having recognised its 

 ascidian nature. For the determination of the correct specific name 

 this reference is however of decisive significance, for here the Alcyonium 

 ficus was for the first time divided into two species, of which the one 

 (the ascidian) received the new specific name '' imlmonaria" whilst the 

 other (the sponge) retained the original specific name ''ficus." Ellis 

 and Solander refer to the mistaken union of the two species in the 

 following words : — " This name of Sea-Fig [of Ellis] has occasioned a 

 mistake in some late authors, who have confounded it with the Sea- 

 Fig of Count Marsigli, which is a true sponge." 



The following years yield a series of literature references, which 

 either cannot be accurately determined or in which both species are 

 again confounded. To the latter class belong the Alcyonium Ficus in 

 the translation of Pallas' Elench. Zooph. by Wilkens and Herbst 

 (1787), the Alcyonium Ficus which Meuschen records in the 

 "Museum Geversianum"(1789), \\\q Alcyonium ficus of Bruguiere 

 in the "Encyclopedie methodique" (1787), the Alcyonium Ficus in 

 Gmelin's edition of the "Systema naturae" (1791) and in the 

 English edition of this work by Turton (1806). 



Not decisively to be indicated are the Alcyoniicm Ficus, which Olivi 

 (1792) recorded from the Gulf of Venice, and the Alcyonium ficus, 

 which Cuvier (1798) mentions in his "Tableau el6mentaire" with- 

 out literature reference or locality. The first of these cannot, owing 



