360 NATURAL SCIENCE [November 1898 
small-pox. Ceely, Badcock, Voigt, and others, succeeded in engrafting the cow with 
small-pox, and when suitable lymph and suitable subjects were employed, the virus was 
so attenuated that a benign vesicle resulted. Similar results were obtained by Sutton 
and Dimsdale, and identical results by Adams, Guillou and Thiele, by inoculating the 
human subject with variolous lymph without first engrafting the disease on the cow. 
Vaccination with variola vaccine is simply a modification of the Suttonian system of 
small-pox inoculation, only in the first remove the cow is substituted for the human 
subject.” And, in the same connection, Prof. Crookshank adds: ‘‘Cow-pox has 
never been converted into human small-pox, and, in their clinical history and epidemi- 
ology, natural cow-pox and human small-~pox are so different, that the comparative 
pathologist is no more prepared to admit their identity than he is prepared to admit the 
identity of cow-pox and sheep-pox, or small-pox and cattle-plague.” Of course these 
statements are not necessarily conclusive, but they are valuable in showing that, even 
among those qualified by experience to form an opinion, the identity of the two diseases 
in question is not regarded by all as proved. 
ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION 
In a special Antarctic number of the Scottish Geographical Magazine, 
received just as we are going to press, Sir John Murray urges the 
need of a British Antarctic Expedition. The importance of such an 
expedition has been insisted upon more than once in these columns, 
and we hope that Sir John Murray’s efforts will assist in impressing 
the mind of the Government. Our maps are a feeble blank concern- 
ing Antarctica, and the information we possess as to its fauna and 
flora is inconspicuous. A few Cetacea, a few seals, and a handful 
of birds are all that Mr Chumley can record, while as to the Inver- 
tebrata, practically all we know was gained in a few dredgings by 
the ‘“‘ Challenger,’ during the cruise from the Cape of Good Hope to 
Australia. Dr Murray’s plea is not for a dash to the South Pole, but 
for a “steady, continuous, laborious, hydrographical and topographi- 
cal examination of the whole South Polar Area during several suc- 
cessive years ” which “ would enrich almost every branch of 
science, and would undoubtedly mark a great advance in the philo- 
sophy of terrestrial physics.” He asks some of our wealthy citizens 
to come forward with £100,000, which might be placed in the 
hands of the President of the Royal Society. 
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