392 NATURAL SCIENCE [December 
I know, has not been observed in any other group. The neuration of 
Lycaenids is specialized compared with that of the generalized Hes- 
perids, and sufficiently distinct from that of Pierids and allied groups 
to warrant the conclusion that the latter are as far removed from 
Lycaenids as they (Pierids, &c.) are from Hesperids. Lycaenids 
and Pierids have attained a similar specialized form of neuration 
independently and by different routes. Grote writes, “ Lycaeni- 
Hesperidae meet upon a distinctive wing pattern, the Lycaenidae 
differ in the main by the reduction of the radial branches.” 
Group 2 (A).—Generalized Nymphalids, (Danainae, &c.) retain 
five-branched radius, have distinct three-branched cubitus in fore- 
wings, and retain the ‘discoidal cell’ trans- 
verse vein of each wing. Anosia has 
a structural ‘blotch’ (A) _ towards 
the base of the cubital system, and a 
rudimentary nervure (B) at the base of 
the anal nervure in forewings. The latter 
<A feature is observed in other groups, and 
occurs frequently among the Heterocera. 
Anosia has also a subcostal-radius con- 
= nection in hindwings (C). Specialized 
Nymphalids show a gradual loss of the 
transverse ‘cell’ nervure of each 
wing, complete loss being attained 
2 (Apatura, Junonia, &c.) without in- 
Anosia archippus corporation — of the median nervules 
(Nymphalid). with the radius system of the forewings— 
the two median nervules remain as such, attached 
to the radius by a modified remnant 
of the ‘ cell’ nervure. es 
Satyrids may be associated by 
descent with generalized Nymphalids; 
the radius system is five- branched, 
and the ‘ cell’ nervures are retained 
throughout the group, the wing 
pattern is distinctly nymphalid. The 
Enodia hyperam- features A, B, C of Anosia are not iva 
thus Junonia orithya 
(Satyrid). observed among Satyrids. (Nymphalid). 
Group 2 (B).—Generalized Pierids. Leuwcophasiaisisolatedamong . 
the Rhopalocera in respect of the wing pattern, and the neuration 
must be regarded as specialized, especially in regard to the arrange- 
ment of the radial branches (five) of the forewings.. As a Pierid, 
however, baving five-branched radial system, two median nervules, 
and three-branched cubitus in forewings, Leucophasia affords a con- 
nection between the generalized Nymphalid form of neuration, and 
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