44 NATURAL SCIENCE [JuLy 1897 
sionally lost article. That bone was largely used we shall presently 
see, and doubtless great care would be taken with these finely-carved 
articles, and they may be found when the innermost recesses of the 
fissures have been penetrated. That a large portion of flint flakes 
were intended for arrow and fish-spear tips is certain from the fact 
that many are secondarily worked into bilateral symmetry. Dis- 
regarding mere chips the long-pointed flakes monopolise 75 per 
cent. of the flints found; they vary in size from 4 in. by ? in. down 
to 4 in. and by }in. They were doubtless used for lance and arrow 
heads, fish-spears and fish-hooks; no sign of a barb of any kind 
was seen. <A point of special interest in regard to these tips was 
that very many of them had well-worked butts, sometimes showing the 
removal of ten or a dozen small flakes in the formation of the well- 
rounded, nicely-bevelled, square or circular-ended base. There was 
one feature about these which puzzled me for a long time, and that 
was that the present periphery of the flake-face of the flint usually 
truncated these secondary flakings. It, therefore, became evident 
that the secondary base was worked round a single or double ridge 
while the lance-tip was yet upon the core, from which it was dis- 
lodged by the last skilful blow. In experimenting I found this 
practicable; and ultimately I found a block of flint worked into 
ridges in the process of manufacturing these tools in the way 
suggested, with one base worked ready for the next blow to produce 
a perfect implement. This specimen is shown in Plate VI, at 
the bottom right corner, and the arrow marks the point at which 
the last blow would have been struck, that would have dislodged 
the finished tip, such as is seen just at the left of it. That 
the tips were used and broken in the chase or in fishing is certain 
from the immense numbers of broken butt-ends that were found in 
the Midden; as it is only reasonable to suppose that, if these 
were broken in fishing or in hunting, the broken butts would have 
been taken off the line or shaft when the user returned to chez 
lui and thrown upon the TYefuse heap, and replaced by new ones. 
Large quantities were used as knives, and were hard worn. 
The next most plentiful tool was the needle maker, or small 
hollow-seraper ; these varied in size, say, from an inch or more, 
down to a tool that would turn out a bone duplicate of a good- 
sized thread needle. 
There was an immense number of cooking stones indicative of 
the method of applying heat. Charcoal was fairly plentiful; and 
many of the bones of horse, pig, sheep, &c., were burned in the 
process of roasting upon the old hearths; the latter still remained 
in places. That the pots were put upon the fire, however, is certain 
from the fact that many had a deposit of soot upon them, 
W. J. Lewis ABsorvT. 
(To be continued next month, with the ulustrations.) 
