SPECIAL "CHALLENGER" NUMBER. 



3jt,i^J^ 



RIGHTS RESERVED. 



Vol. VII. g f ' Wr.« 41. 



RAxyr^AL 



''■'" .SeiERGE: 



A JVEonthly I^evieW of Scientific Progress. 



JULY, 1895. 



CONTENTS. 



Notes and Comments .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 



Finis Coronac Opus (Plate I.)— Some Lessons from the "Challenger"— 

 Bathybius— H. N. Moseley— Irish Scientific Worthies -Weights and Measures 

 The Distribution of Scale-Insects—Irish Freshwater Sponges. 

 THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE "CHALLENGER " EXPEDI- 

 TION, w^ith Text Illustrations and Plates II— XVII. 

 Introduction. By Professor E. Ray Lankester, M.A., LiL.D., F.R.S. ... 7 



I. Hydrography and Navigation. By staff-Captain T. H.Tizard, R.N., F.R.S. 10 

 II. Oceanic Circulation. By H. N. Dickson ... ... ... ... ... 14 



III. Geology ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17 



Coral-Reefs. By Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S., Y.P.G.S. ... ... ... 18 



Chemico-Biological Changes in the Ocean. By Robert Irvine, F.R.S.E., F.C.S. 20 

 Marine Deposits. By John Chumley, of the " Challenger" Office. ... .. 22 



lY. Botany .. ... ... ... ... ... 24 



The Marine Flora. By George. R. M. Murray, F.R.S. E., F.L.S. ... .. 24 



The Land Flora. By C. Baron Clarke, F.R.S., Pres. L.S. ... ... . ... 26 



V. Zoology. (Introductory.) By Professor Ernst Haeckel, M.D., Ph.D., Hon. 



F.R.S.E. ... ... •. -. •.. ... ... ... ... 29 



Expectations and Results. By P. Chalmers Mitchell, M.A., F.Z.S. ... ... 30 



Foraminifera. By C. Davies Sherborn, F.G.S., F.Z.S. ... ... ... 32 



Radlolaria. By Professor Ernst Haeckel and A. Yaughan Jennings, F.L.S.. 

 F.G.S. ... ... ■ ■ ■■ ••• ... ••. ... ... 33 



Sponges. By Professor W^. J. Sollas, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., with note by 

 Professor Haeckel .. ... .. . ... 34 



Coelentera. By Professor S- J. Hickson, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Professor E. 

 Perceval Wright, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., M.R.I. A., P. Chalmers Mitchell, and 

 Professor E. Haeckel ... ... ... .. 38 



Echinoderma. By F. A. Bather, M.A., F.G.S., W. Percy Sladen, V.P.L.S., 

 F.G.S., Theodore Lyman, and Professor Hjalmar Theel ... ... ... 42 



Annelida and Nemertea. By Professor W^. C. Mcintosh, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. ... 50 



Arthropoda. By Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.L.S., F. B. Beddard, M.A., 

 F.R.S., T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S,, Dr. P. P. C. Hoek, Memb. R. Ac. Netherlands. 

 R. I. Pocock, and G. H. Carpenter," B.Sc. .. ... ... ... ... 52 



Mollusca. By Professor Paul Pelseneer, D.Sc, and W^. E. Hoyle, M.A., 

 M.R.C.S.. F.R.S.E. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 



Brachiopoda. By F. A. Bather ... ... ... ... ... ... 64 



Bryozoa ... ... •■■ ■■• ••• ■•• ■■ . ... 65 



Hemichordata. By S. F. Harmer, M.A., B.Sc, F.Z.S. ... . . ... 65 



Tuntcata. By Professor A. W. Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S. .. ... ... 67 



Vertebrata. By A. Smith Woodward, B.Sc, F.G.S., F.Z.S., R. Bowdler 

 Sharpe, LL.D. F.Z.S., Professor Sir William Turner, M.B., LL.D., F.R.S., 

 and Oldfield Thomas, F.Z.S. ... ... ... ... ... ... 69 



VI. Anthropology. By Professor A. C. Haddon, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.Z.S. ... 74 



Some New Books ... ... ... ... ... ... 76 



Controverted Questions of Geology: by J. PrestwichiJ. W^. G.). 

 News of Universities, Museums, and Societies ... ... ... .. 78 



Correspondence: W. G. Ridewood Maurice S. Evans ... ... ... .. 80 



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