CHARACTERISTICS AND COST OF RAILWAYS. 123 
Neither wood nor water is taken on the road in passenger trains. Velocity up maximum 
grade, 15 miles per hour. 
With reference to the transportation of coal to be used as fuel, it may be stated that the freights 
by canal in New York and Pennsylvania vary from 1,%; to 1,74, cent per ton per mile; that the 
railroad freights on coal average about 1$ cent per ton per mile; and, finally, that in Pennsyl- 
vania, under very favorable circumstances, coal can be delivered on the canal-boats, at the mine, 
broken, screened, and weighed, at 55 cents per ton. ‘Taking the average weight of hard wood 
fit for generating steam at 14 ton per cord, the probable expenses of transporting it by railway 
would be 24 cents per cord per mile. 
The experiments before alluded to on the Boston and Maine road show that 1 ton of anthracite 
==1.6 cord of wood (such as used there;) or one cord of wood = 0.625 ton of coal, taking 
evaporating power as the standard of comparison. The general result of these experiments was 
that coal is more economical, especially with heavy loads, than wood. 
The presence of metallic salts in water is injurious to the boilers; if in large quantities, they 
they are prohibitory. 
From the data given above, it would seem that the cost of transportation of wood for fuel 
would be about 2.4 times that of coal for the same purpose. 
Tt will be remarked that freight trains habitually take water oftener than passenger trains; this 
arises from two principal causes: first, more steam is wasted in freight trains, on account of the 
great detentions, &c., as well as other causes; secondly, the various water-stations seldom give 
sufficient water to afford a full supply to several trains; a little is, therefore, taken from each, so 
that no one need be exhausted. 
Relations between weight of water and fuel, and maximum load of engine. 
For a 22-ton engine on 4 drivers, on a level: 
Weight of water and wood for 25 miles = ,!; of maximum load of engine. 
Weight of water and wood for 100 miles = ,!, of maximum load of engine. 
Weight of water for 100 miles and wood for 200 miles = '; of maximum load of engine. 
Weight of water and wood for 200 miles = ;!5 of maximum load of engine. 
Weight of water and coal for 25 miles = ;1; of maximum load of engine. 
Weight of water and coal for 100 miles = ,!; of maximum load of engine. 
Weight of water for 100 miles and coal for 200 miles = ,'; of maximum load of engine. 
Weight of water and coal for 200 miles = ,'; of maximum load of engine. 
The maximum load of this engine, on a grade of 40 feet per mile, is by formula (1) 252 tons; 
by formula (3) 180 tons. 
The relative consumption of fuel and water on passenger and freight trains is in proportion to 
the resistance to be overcome, and may be determined when the velocity and weight of each 
train are known. 
CHARACTERISTICS AND COST OF SIX RAILWAYS. 
1. Massachusetts Western road. 
Length of main road, 1553 miles, of which 53 miles is double track; sidings, &c., 84 miles: 
equivalent to 217 miles single track. Maximum grade, 83 feet for 14 mile; total rise and fall, 
2,0S5 feet; minimum radius of curvature, 882 feet; total degrees of curvature, 6,370° ; weight 
of rail per yard, 564 pounds and 70 pounds ; 33 way-stations, 59 engines, 48 passenger-cars, 17 
baggage-cars, 1,666 freight-cars; miles run in one year, 947,382. 
Graduation and masonry, per mile of TPAUDE ROACH sek sey enye eet ers rece eeretetataiere $22,352 50 
Wooden bridges, (6,092 feet,) per foot.........- Cet eee aS Oucsse tr eeaDEae $38 08 
