198 GENERAL REPORT ON WESTERN DIVISION. 
impracticable for a road of any kind. The descent of this stream is rapid; at five miles from 
the mouth is a pretty fall of probably ten feet: as we were obliged to view it from an elevation 
of some three hundred feet, we could form no correct estimate of its height. ‘There are no trees 
in this ravine ; its soil is of sand and gravel. 
The valley of the Sahtlilkwa (east fork) is generally a broad one, but is almost entirely filled 
with lakes and marshes. As far as the Great lake it presents a route practicable from the 
Columbia, with difficulties at some points; as it leads to nothing, and communicates with no 
pass to Frazer’s river, it is not a subject for consideration. The Hudson’s Bay trail from the 
Okinakane to Fort Langley leaves the Sahtlilkwu a short distance above our camp of the 8th, 
and after crossing a mountain ridge enters the valley of the Millakitekwu, follows that for a 
considerable distance, and then crosses the mountain into the valley of Frazer’s river. It is 
represented by all who have travelled it as an execrable and just practicable trail, as followmg 
no pass, but crossing directly over the mountains. 
On the tenth I left the main party in camp, and with all of the officers and two of the gentle- 
men rode to the Great lake, returning the same day. 
Upon an attentive consideration of the more important points of what has already been said, 
I think it will be very evident that there is but one pass through the Cascade range, from the 
Columbia to the northern boundary—that of the main Yakima—that is at all practicable for a 
railway ; nor am I aware of any reason for believing any to exist between that boundary and 
Thompson’s river. 
In the event of any future surveys of the Cascade range for railway purposes, the whole force 
may safely be thrown upon the main Yakima Pass and that of the Columbia. I now considered 
the most important part of my duty performed, having carried the reconnaissance of the Cascade 
range somewhat into British territory. The winter was now close at hand, the weather 
becoming cold, and the snow increasing rapidly in the mountains. Our animals showed unmis- 
takable signs of the effects of their very difficult service, and the pass of the Columbia was still 
to be examined. As nothing but geographical information could now be gained by a longer delay 
in the mountains, I determined to leave the range and move for Colville. The route selected 
was that from the forks of the Okinakane to the head of Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, or Colville river, and 
down that stream to the Columbia; a portion of the country known only to the employés of the 
Hudson’s Bay Company. I hoped on my arrival at Colville to receive some intelligence of the 
progress of your party, or even to meet you in person by a lucky chance. 
It was also my determination, if nothing had occurred making it necessary for me to keep 
on to the Rocky mountains with the whole or a portion of my party, to make an examination of 
the country in the vicinity of the Grand Coulée, the approaches to the mouth of the Yakima, &c., 
and finally to return to Vancouver by the ¢rail down the Columbia valley. 
On the 11th we turned back; left the Okinakane on the 12th at the forks; reached the head of 
one branch of the Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu on the 13th, and arrived opposite Colville on the 17th. This 
trail is impracticable for a railway, although a wagon road could be carried over it, with con- 
siderable difficulty, at some points. The soil in this district was the best we saw. Fine larch trees 
abound. 
Soon after our arrival in camp opposite Colville, Mr. Angus Macdonald, the gentleman in 
charge ofthe post, came over to our camp, and kindly undertook to provide the canoes neces- 
sary for crossing our baggage next day. 
By midday of the 18th all our stores and baggage were safely landed on the left bank of the 
river, and all of our animals had crossed in safety. ‘Three small canoes, two of them of birch 
bark, were the only ones available. We encamped at an excellent place about half a mile from 
the fort. At the place where our animals swam the river, the current is very rapid and the 
river very deep; it is a good crossing for animals passing from the right bank to the left, but very 
dangerous for any crossing in the opposite direction. The valley of the Columbia is here well 
