284 FROM MOUTH OF CLARK’S FORK TO WALLAH-WALLAH. 
I then continued along the bank until within two miles of its mouth, where I found a few Indians, 
and encamped. Estimated distance travelled thirty miles. The late hour of camping delayed 
me until noon on the 16th, sending the observers to continue the survey, which was stopped about 
four miles from camp. I rode to the mouth of the river; at this point it was two hundred feet 
wide and very rocky: the high bank to the north has a gradual fall towards the river, while to the 
south it recedes, leaving a rocky flat, which is overflowed at the highest stage of the water. 
This stream flows far below the banks; has a rapid current and rocky bed: the banks were 
covered with fine timber, and the soil appeared excellent. After ‘the Indians had crossed my 
party, I gave them about two feet of tobacco each, and they appeared well satisfied. They 
belonged to the Spokanes, and fully supported the good opinion I had previously formed of the 
tribe. The rest of the tribe were encamped farther up the river. From this point the trail passed 
along the bank, which was very steep, for a distance of four or five miles. At this height I saw 
the gorge through which the Columbia runs, and was able to connect the work of the previous 
day. The western bank still presents a barren appearance, and the range rises to the height of 
1,000 feet. The trail then passed down the bank and continued along the river. I encamped 
near the Great Bend. The height to the south of Spokane is on a level with the Grand Plain, 
and although very undulating, may be regarded the same. From this camp I had a fine view of 
the terraces seen along the Columbia ; they form the northern boundary of the Grand Plain. The 
night was pleasant, but a heavy mist along the banks prevented my taking any observations. The 
principal rocks seen since leaving Spokane are basalt, trap, and granite. Nearly opposite this 
camp the mountain range recedes, leaving a narrow strip about sixty feet above the river and ten 
miles in length. 
Soon after leaving camp the Hudson’s Bay trail passes to the south, and after a steep ascent it 
arrives on the Grand Plain ; continuing over this, it enters the second coulée in size, (as seen 
along my route.) This is by far the best route. I followed an Indian trail along the banks in 
order to continue the rough survey of the river, and be able to enter the Grand Coulée from the 
river. This route enabled me to have the same view of the country. Until noon of the 19th 
the trail was along the northern slope of the plain, and very rocky and dangerous. The river 
to the north was impassable. I then arrived on the northern boundary of the Grand Plain; the 
view from this point was extensive ; to the south and east could be seen a vast plain covered 
with a luxuriant growth of grass, but destitute of timber and underbrush of every description, ~ 
except a cluster of trees near where the trail, previously spoken of, strikes this level; to the 
west, on the opposite side of the river, the general level is a prolongation of this plain, and 
covered with mountains, which rise as they recede from the view; to the north you have a fine 
view of the Columbia, and its steep rocky banks, around which I passed on my way to Spokane 
river. Continuing over this level half an hour, I again descended to the river by a steep and 
rocky trail, and marched three miles, encamping near the mouth of the coulée, about three miles 
from the camp of the 17th. I obtained a meridian altitude of the sun, which placed us in latitude 
47° 58' 51". To give a description of the banks, as seen from this camp, would be nothing more 
than a repetition of what I have stated before. When within two miles of the mouth of the 
Grand Coulée, the trail again divided. One passed over a rocky bluff about two hundred feet 
high ; the other continued along the river to the mouth of the coulée. To save time and distance, 
I conducted the train by the former, sending the observers to take particular observations after 
leaving the river. Timber, which was seen in great abundance to the Grand Plain, has grad- 
ually disappeared, and but few trees are seen along the river. The trai] leaves the river to the 
north, and passes nearly south. After an ascent of two hundred and forty-three feet, we arrived - 
upon a level which commands a fine view of the coulée; it was about ten miles wide at the 
northern entrance, and gradually widened until it passed out of sight; its walls were about eight 
hundred feet high, and one solid mass of rock, basalt cemented together by lava, or some more 
fusible rock. ‘The trail had a gradual fall for about six miles, which gives a fair index of the 
