334 FROM BITTER ROOT VALLEY TO FORT HALL. 
they had nothing but two rabbits which they had just killed. Seeing no prospect of getting fresh 
provisions in this quarter, we journeyed along the right bank of the Snake river for a distance of 
a mile, and encamped in excellent grass for our animals, which they very much needed, as the 
grass of last night was poor and scarce. Our fuel for this night consisted of the different wood 
brought down by the Snake river during the season of the freshets, and which along the banks 
is scattered and piled in every direction, The day was mild, though cloudy. The thermometer 
at sunset was 38°, and at 9 p. m. 32°. 
December 12, 1853.—Commences clear and pleasant, the thermometer at sunrise being 34°. 
The Tetons and the high range of Salmon mountains in the east, covered with their mantles of 
snow, shone silvery bright this morning, under the genial rays of the sun. All of our animals 
were found this morning save one; when, a short time after missing him, we espied at a distance 
our Banax friend leading him along the bank of the river, it having strayed to his band of horses 
during the night. He was accompanied by his son, who it seemed had turned out at an early 
hour this morning and caught a number of fine trout, which he brought to our camp and pre- 
sented to us, in return for which we gave him a supply of tobacco. Our journey of to-day lay 
along the right bank of the Snake river, still continuing through the immense sage desert already 
referred to. We found the river, to make numerous and large bends, and instead of following 
the course of the river along its many windings, our trail lay through the prairie, leaving the 
river to our left. We struck it, however, several times during the day, and found it to be about 
two hundred yards wide, and in its course having exceedingly many rapids and falls. Its banks 
we found untimbered save by the willow; and we continued on till we reached a camp, where 
we found the cotton-wood and cedar in great abundance. The river, during the whole distance 
travelled to-day, winds through the sage prairie, with high clay banks on each side, with occa- 
sionally a low gravelly slope. Along the river we found much drift-wood, in some places piled 
to the height of many feet. Many islands were to be seen in the river, some of which were 
formed of solid rock, and rose to a considerable height above the water. This rock, many frag- 
ments of which will be seen along the banks of the river, is a black, honey-combed, volcanic 
rock, the same that has already been referred to as occurring in very many places through the 
Snake River valley, and which is first noticed after crossing the dividing ridge of the Missouri 
and Snake river waters. 
About twelve miles from our camp of last night we espied a smoke, some distance to our left 
on the river bank; when approaching it, we found, among the artemisia of the prairie, three or 
four families of the Root-Digger Indians, who were living here on the bank of the river. They 
were astonished to see us, the children running and scampering through the bushes as if their 
lives were in danger. These Indians are probably the most miserable of all the Indian tribes, 
either east or west of the mountains. They had with them no lodges and no food, save a large 
pile of white-colored roots which they had just dug from the side of the river, and which they 
seem to feast on with as much contentedness as if they were surrounded by all the luxuries of 
life. The men were absent fishing. Fish and roots are their only subsistence ; and still these 
people are fat and in good condition, and, without knowing it, we would have supposed their fare 
to consist of aught else than fish and roots. They all seemed to be living in small corrals, as 
it were, formed of the artemisia, in which they had a few glowing embers. A few horses and a 
mule stood near by, who actually seemed to occupy, at least in our estimation, a much higher 
position in the social scale than these miserable, worthless creatures. Apparently, their sole 
object in living, and pursuit in life, seems to be to gain a subsistence wherewith to keep body and 
soul together. Words, in fact, are not adequate to express the deep misery, degradation, and 
wretchedness of these moral brutes of the mountains. ‘They approach more to the order of the 
brute creation than probably any portion of the human race on the face of the globe. We had 
visited their abodes with the expectation of procuring fresh meat; but disgust getting the better 
of us, as soon as we were made acquainted with our new neighbors we put spurs to our horses 
