CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE MUSEUM OF 

 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE, E. L. Mark, Director, No. 218. 



THE PHOTIC REACTIONS OF SARCOPHAGID FLIES, 



ESPECIALLY LUCILIA CAESAR LINN. AND 



CALLIPHORA VOMITORIA LINN^ 



WILLIAM BRODBECK HERMS 



University of California 



TWENTY-FIVE FIGURES 



CONTENTS 



I. General introduction 168 



1. Historical 168 



2. Anatomical 169 



3. The natural history of the sarcophagid flies 171 



II. Aggregated larvae 175 



1. Introduction 175 



2. Observations and experiments 176 



III. The individual larvae and adults 184 



1. Introduction 184 



2. Methods 185 



3. Reactiveness and age 189 



4. Reactiveness and intensity 191 



5. Light graded in intensity 194 



A. Non-directive graded light 194 



B. Directive graded light 199 



6. Intensity and rate of movement 201 



7. Sudden change in intensity 204 



8. Localization of the function 205 



9. The adult sarcophagid 209 



IV. Application to general theory of animal behavior 213 



V. General summary 221 



VI. Bibliography 224 



^ The classification of the Sarcophagidae as here used is based on Girschner's 

 ('96) system. See also Coquillett ('01). 



