Effects of Castration in Insects 401 



emitted a soft, whirring, sound, and tried to affix their sperma- 

 tophores to her, for 



"3. The glands which secrete the spermatophore envelopes 

 produced these structures up to within a short time of the death 

 of the crickets and therefore performed their function independ- 

 ently of the testes. 



"4. In external appearance the spermatophore envelopes of 

 castrated males were in all respects Hke those of normal males 

 (in some cases they were somewhat smaller), and contained a 

 white secretion, which was less abundant than in normal sperma- 

 tophores. 



'*5. The markings of the anterior wings, or tegmina and the 

 development of the stridulatory organ showed no modifications. 



"6. The females were unable to distinguish between normal 

 and castrated males. They followed the call of the latter, mounted 

 their backs and permitted them, as if they were normal males, to 

 affix their spermatophore envelopes near the genital orifice. 



"7. The castrated female behaved like one that had not been 

 castrated. She thrust her ovipositor into the earth and made 

 motions hke a normal female, so that she had every appearance 

 of desiring to oviposit. As time went on this "oviposition" 

 became abnormal, as the female kept on thrusting her ovipositor 

 into the earth but onlv to a slight depth." 



Regen assured himself of the completeness of castration in 

 these crickets by dissection and by examination of the spermato- 

 phores, which were found to contain no spermatozoa. He also 

 kept a series of castrated individuals in captivity from the time 

 of operation, and when these reached maturity they were found 

 to behave exactly like the individuals that had been permitted to 

 mature in the field. His experiments, therefore, gave results in 

 complete harmony with those of Oudemans, Kellogg and Meisen- 

 heimer. It must be admitted that his insects were all castrated in 

 rather late stages. He informs us, however, that during the sum- 

 mer of 1909 he successfully castrated a number of much younger 

 larvae, measuring only 5 to 8 mm., and that these had grown to a 

 length of 20 mm., by December 1909 when he wrote his second 

 paper. At that time the females were readily distinguishable 



