Effects of Castration in Insects 



429 



that it occurs only in parasitic species of the genera Anergates, 

 Formicoxenus and Symmyrmica or in species like those of the gen- 

 era Cardiocondyla,Technomyrmex and Ponera, which form small, 

 scattered colonies, often with a tendency to lead a secluded or 

 subterranean Hfe. In the three parasitic genera the males are 

 always wingless and resemble the females and workers in the struc- 

 ture of their bodies. The resemblance to the worker is very great 



Fig. 8. A, winged male of Ponera coarctata in profile; B, winged male of P. eduardi; C, 

 subergatomorphic male of the same species; D, ergatomorphic male of P. punctatissima (After 

 Emery.) 



in the case of Formicoxenus. In Cardiocondyla and Ponera we 

 have a number of species whose males show a similar approxima- 

 tion to the worker and female type, and in one species of the latter 

 genus, P. punctatissima, shown in the accompanying figure (Fig. 

 8Z)) the male is indistinguishable from the worker except in the 

 structure of the genitalia. We have here, therefore, a true inver- 

 sion of the male, so far as its secondary sexual characters are con- 



