252 ALUS. [Vol. XVIII. 



from the truncus maxillaris, and it usually separates into two 

 parts before joining the truncus facialis. Close to its origin from 

 the truncus maxillaris it is often flattened, and here presents some- 

 what the appearance of a ganglionic formation, but no micro- 

 scopical examination was made to determine whether or not it con- 

 tained ganglion cells. Stannius (No. 70, p. 47) described this 

 branch in fishes as the Ramus communicans N. trigemini ad N. 

 facialem, and he says that it is found in nearly all teleosts. In the 

 Gadidse it is said by him to be absent, because the facial and tri- 

 geminal nerves, in those fishes, issue from the skull by a single 

 foramen. In Lota, however, it would seem to be represented in 

 that branch that is described by Goronowitsch as a branch, possibly 

 motor, of the nerve Trigeminus I. (No. 32, p. 28). In Menidia it 

 must be the branch described by Herrick (No. 38, p. 167) as 

 formed by general cutaneous "fibers running back into the truncus 

 hyo-mandibularis VII. for the operculum." In Aniia, it is not 

 found, notwithstanding the fact that the trigeminal and facial 

 nerves issue from the skull by separate foramina; and if the com- 

 missural connection between the two nerves concerned exists in 

 that fish it must be found in some bundle of fibers forming part of 

 the trigemino-facial ganglionic complex of the fish. 



Immediately ventro-mesial to the anterior end of the trigemino- 

 facial ganglion, at the point where the rami ophthalmici and the 

 truncus maxillaris have their origins, there is a large sympathetic 

 ganglion, the anterior end of which lies in the orbit and the pos- 

 terior end in the trigemino-facial chamber. Anteriorly this gang- 

 lion presents two ends or heads, one of which is usually connected 

 by one or two strands of fibers with the truncus maxillaris, and 

 the other by one or two strands with the ophthalmicus trigemini 

 (Fig. 66). From the mesial one of these two heads one or more 

 branches are sent to the radix longa or to that nerve and also to the 

 ciliaris longus, as has been already stated. Posteriorly the ganglion 

 diminishes gradually in size, and becomes a nerve, which runs 

 backward through the trigemino-facial chamber and reaches the 

 truncus hyoideo-mandibularis facialis distal to the point where the 

 ramus palatinus facialis is given off, but proximal to a branch of 

 the facialis that forms a commissural connection with the nervus 

 glossopharyngeus. There the sympathetic nerve separates into 



