Nos. IAND2.] ANATOMY OF SCOMBER SCOMBER. 265 



to the superficial muscles of the ventral region of the head of 

 that fish. Moreover Stannius says, of Scomber, that in the roots 

 of the trigemino-facial complex it agrees exactly with Pleuronec- 

 tes, and that in Pleuronectes stimulation of the trigeminal root 

 of the fish seemed sometimes to produce movements of the genio- 

 hyoideus (No. 70, pp. 25 and 23). Ruge's statement that the 

 muscle C^mv in Protopterns and selachians is innervated, so far 

 as he could determine, solely by the hyoideus facialis would of 

 course lead to an exactly contrary conclusion. 



Certain of Ruge's statements regarding these nerves and mus- 

 cles should perhaps here be noted. On page 209 he says, in 

 speaking of the composition of the truncus hyoideo-mandibularis : 

 "Diesen sensiblen Elementen sind motorische Zweige zugestellt, 

 welche in der Kiefergegend einen sogenannten R. mandibularis 

 externus und einen R. mand. internus vorstellen." And on page 

 213, he says of one of these mandibular branches, which one is 

 not clear: that in many fishes it forms anastomoses with the 

 ramus mandibularis of the trigeminus, and that "In dieselbe 

 pflegen auch motorische Facialis Elemente hineinbezogen zu wer- 

 den." The rami mandibularis externus and internus facialis, as 

 thus composed, are clearly not the homologues of the similarly 

 named nerves of Aiiiia, the externus, in that fish, being limited to 

 the innervation of lateral sensory organs, and the internus anas- 

 tomosing with the maxillaris inferior trigemini beyond the point 

 where the branch r.ghi of that nerve is given ofif. On page 210 

 Ruge further says: 'Die Annahme, dass auch der zwischen Kief- 

 er- und Zungenbein-Bogen sagittal ausgespannte ]\Iuskel (Genio- 

 hyoideus) unter der Herrschaft des Facialis stehe, darf als eine 

 irrthiimliche und als eine bereits wiederverlassene betrachtet wer- 

 den"; and, "Da der 'genio-hyoideus' der Fische fraglos zum 

 Rektus-System gehort, so fallt er der Gebiete der vordersten 

 kranialen Spinalnerven oder der spinalen Kranialnerven anheim." 

 And yet on page 283 he says: "Der Intermandibularis empfangt 

 Aeste vom Trigeminus und vom Facialis (A'etter S. 513)- 

 Gleiches ist der Fall mit demjenigen Abschnitte von Cjuv, welcher 

 in den geniohyoideus sich forsetzt." There certainly seem to be 

 some contracjictions here. 



The maxillaris inferior of Scomber, after giving off the large 



