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it was to be solved. All of the details were left to the pupil and it 

 annoyed him to be consulted regarding them. He desired that the pupil 

 should have full freedom to work out his own solution and aided him 

 mainly through severe criticism. Specimens and drawings of them 

 which were not analyzed did not appeal to him and he objected much 

 to pictures which appeared to represent a mass of " baked tissue." 

 Through reactions, either with coloring matter or with some destructive 

 reagents, or by means of reconstructions, tissues must be emphasized 

 and we see this characteristic in the illustrations of all of his publica- 

 tions. A His drawing can always be recognized even if it appears 

 without his name attached to it. 



His was unwilling to give his own problems to pupils and though later 

 in life he advocated the establishment of research institutes, it is not 

 altogether clear how he reconciled the one attitude with the other. But 

 the institute is rather for routine research and for a discussion of work 

 by leading investigators who consequently formulate problems to be solved 

 by organized united effort; it is not intended to dwarf individual effort 

 in any respect. His was unwilling to write papers for his pupils and 

 the manuscripts they placed Before him were improved only through 

 erasure, for he excluded all doubtful evidence and irrelevant matter. 

 " Your paper will be read by a few specialists, and they do not want a 

 treatise on the science," he would say, and this criticism coming to a 

 pupil during the same years that silence on such subjects and encourage- 

 ment came from Ludwig, proved to be of the greatest value. 



His did not have much power to extend his own private work through 

 his assistants and pupils; they were always given the greatest freedom 

 for it was against his nature to enslave them to the least degree. Nor 

 did he possess the patience of a Liebig or a Ludwig in training others to 

 follow in his path. Further, he did not find that successful research can 

 often be stimulated by example, although men, and scientists too, are 

 imitative. He often told me that the acceptance of a discovery is fre- 

 quently postponed by numerous "confirmatory" publications which 

 are filled with so much crude and irrelevant matter that the real point 

 is buried again; and that the desire of authors to attract atten- 

 tion often induces them to invent names and write much, thereby making 

 the answer to a question more obscure than it was before. 



Several visits to the Zoological Station at Naples made a profound 

 impression upon His for it showed him what organization can do for 

 research, and in 1886 he published a paper on the necessity of research 

 institutes. In this he pointed out that the function of such institutes 

 is (1) to solve problems which exceed the power of one man to settle. 



