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ments can be made in a statne, since a femur or a humerus measures the 

 same in all positions. Fritsclfs canon fulfills this requirement. That 

 the average measurement is the most beautiful is further proved by 

 observing composite photographs of many average faces, few of which 

 are considered beautiful, while together they are decidedly so. Nature 

 has here been and must continue to remain our best standard. 



To what extent artists may idealize variations is not for me to consider 

 now. They must, however, remain within bounds, and when they empha- 

 size a variation of one part their convention must make the rest of the 

 body the anatomical normal in order to bring out well the difference. 

 So if straight arms are the artistic ideal, the rest of the canon must 

 correspond with the anatomical normal. 



In a model an arm is not considered beautiful if it is too long, for 

 this is said to be indicative of a lower race. Neither is hyperextension 

 nor a lateral angle considered desirable. It is especially inartistic to 

 have the two combined. Hyperextension of the elbow may be overlooked 

 in children and in delicate girls, for it helps to indicate the flexibility 

 of the body, which is a characteristic of youth. 



It appears that those who write upon the angle of the elbow from the 

 standpoint of the artist are not altogether familiar with its anatomy, for 

 the straight arm is considered the more usual. According to Briicke, the 

 lateral deflection of the forearm is more common in women than in 

 men, while according to Stratz the opposite is the case. 



The latter author makes the normal arm so straight that the wrist in 

 turning rotates in a circle with the radius as its center, thus in prona- 

 tion the lower end of the ulna moves lateral as much, or more, than the 

 radius does medial (see Stratz's Fig. 67). 



It has been known for a long time that the trochlea is not set at right 

 angles to the shaft of the humerus but obliquely to it, making an acute 

 angle directed outwards. It is this lateral angle which, according to 

 Langer, causes the forearm to bend out when the arm is extended, and 

 assuming that the articular surfaces of the ulna and radius are at right 

 angles to the forearm the hand must fall upon the chest when the elbow 

 is flexed. The amount of lateral deflection when the arm is extended 

 equals the extent the hand moves in when tho arm is flexed. The ob- 

 servations of Langer are accepted by Briicke, but apparently he does 

 not consider the normal arm beautiful, and suggests various methods 

 by which it can be corrected in a picture or a statue by always presenting 

 the arms either partly pronated, or partly flexed, or both. 



The subject was carefully reworked by Braune and Kyrklund in their 

 study of the elbow joint, and they show that not only is the axis of 



