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the surface of the elbow Joint. When the averages are considered it is seen 

 that there is a marked difference between the deflection in the negro and 

 in the European which becomes more pronounced when the males only 

 are considered. The race of fully 70 per cent of the cadavers from 

 which these arms were obtained can be determined by these measure- 

 ments. The average deflection here is .08° and .05° for each degree 

 of motian, and this difference is pretty constant, as can be seen from 

 the table. The deflection between maximum flexion and maximum 

 extension for negro males and European males is 10.5° and 6.50°, 

 which, considering the differences in the lengths of the ulnas equals 

 5 cm. and 3 cm. respectively. If the total deflection is considered, that 

 is, if the motion of the elbow were 180°, the deflection would be 14.5° 

 and 9° for the negro and European respectively, which when the average 

 lengths of the forearms are considered equals 6.5 and 4 centimeters. In 

 a measure this difference is obscured for the flexed arm of the European 

 deflects more than does that of the negro. 



The conclusion of this study is that the degree of motion of the elbow 

 is greater in the female than in the male and that the lateral deflection 

 of the hand, from flexion of the elbow to extension is much greater in the 

 negro than in the European. The lateral deflection of the hand in the 

 extended arm is much greater than the artistic ideal. 



Measurements. 



Nearly all of the measurements are from arms taken from individuals 

 belonging to the laboring classes. The American negro is more or less 

 intermixed with European blood ; those in Baltimore are, however, usu- 

 ally over three-fourths black. 



