88 ANDREWS. 



the colony must be looked upon as merely an areal organization 

 of the substance of the whole. For there is no true difference 

 between a connection such as is shown in Vorticellidae, where 

 the contractile stalk of each unit is continuous with all the 

 others by way of a common or multiple stem ; and that seen 

 to be established in a compound Heliozoan, or compound 

 Coelenterate, or even in a developing starfish Qgg. 



It seems strange that Huxley when he had been led to 

 declare for the compound Coelenterates the value of true mor- 

 phological units should have missed the unity of such a relation 

 throughout the living kingdom.^ 



[94] To sum up very broadly what has been shown of the activ- 

 ities of the living substance : these have been seen in all cases 

 observed to be correlated with an ectosarcal arrangement or 

 organization of the two groups of protoplasmic elements ; and 

 they have been seen in all cases to transcend any visible struc- 

 ture. In other words, the activities of protoplasm are not to 

 be directly referred to, or accounted for by, any structure we 

 can resolve by our present optical resources. 



[95] Further, all visible structures have been seen to be a 

 direct result of activities having the same character as those seen 

 to be inseparably correlated with the visible foam structure ; that 

 is, visible structures are the direct result of activities correlated 

 with a finer and not visible series of kindred structures, in 

 which we are constrained by the evidence to believe the same 

 relations of living substance and structure hold good. Thus 

 any explanation of the activities by structure is removed beyond 

 our present reach. 



[96] Last and most important, the visible structure of organ- 

 isms, of organized masses of the living substance, was seen to be 

 relative only ; that is, the areas exist in relation to each other 

 and to the organism as such, while the living substance in great 

 part ignores these visible fixities, circulating freely beneath the 

 mask they form for us. In its more secret life protoplasm is 

 unstable and protoplastic, however rigid the structural forms it 

 maintains. The form persists — the substance composing it is 

 not fixed at any point in it. 



1 See Substance as Such and as Organism. 



