152 



ANDREWS. 



modify and restrain, or with aid of the mechanical conditions 

 may freely form other such organs. The minutest of sub- 

 stance organs, whatever their origin, express potent specific 

 conditionings for living lamellar films and foams. Other areas 

 directly or indirectly profiting in any manner by them, they 

 acquire the value of organs of the general substance ; the mass 

 becomes functionally, as it is structurally, enriched ; the or- 

 ganism becomes, though perhaps but fleetingly, by so much 

 more an organism. In more stable retention, in maintenance 

 or iteration, in multiplication and in varied extension of sub- 

 stance organs, the structures and organs .of organisms as 

 familiarly known to us have their birth. These latter group- 

 ings come secondarily, incidentally as it were, to form and to 

 belong to what is commonly known as the organism. They 

 were and are primarily for the substance as such. I believe it 

 may be said of substance organs ; they are, — therefore the 

 grosser organs, — therefore the organism. Through unity and 

 harmony of form and interrelation of function in substance 

 organs, and through secondarily acquired interdependence of 

 their compounds, there arises a most specious seeming of prime 

 end or motive in these latter, and especially in the organism 

 they form. (See Habit.) 



But besides being structural complexes, organisms are, even 

 more, functional complexes. From the same standpoint and 

 using the same method of approach, an organism expresses 

 itself functionally as a maze of sequent phases, composed at a 

 given moment of many lines of phenomena which are in 

 closely interwoven extension, and even anastomosis, in three 

 dimensions of space. The life history of cells and again that 

 of organisms and still again that of the race, repeat in grosser 

 terms the same truth. Of minute groupings of function in 

 substance organs are built up all the functions of cells, of 

 organs and of organisms. But the complexity of these outruns 

 structure many times, for a given vesicular structure may 

 be the seat and cause of, or opportunity for, many diverse 

 sorts of function. Physical conditions due to mode of lamellar 

 distribution can alone give rise to one set of phenomena, 

 chemical interactions may be manifold and either or both of 



