1 62 ANDREWS. 



If the difficulty does not truly disappear as it seems to do, at 

 least it no longer stands between one and simple organized 

 effort, it no longer thrusts itself between one and the subject. 

 Here, it seems less urgently necessary to speculate of the how 

 of heredity, than to watch the living substance and learn its 

 varied sequences of self-expression. 



Habit. 



[149] To substance habit, then, must we look for all likenesses 

 and differences found in living organisms. This might seem 

 merely an exchange of terms, leaving the root difficulty un- 

 touched, were it not that our new facts make it possible to 

 separate habit into more fundamental sets of conditions and 

 functions; and this is useful, for, in the substance as such as 

 well as in the organism, habit is a most complex state of 

 things.^ In terms of my results habit of the living substance 

 in all its relations may be described thus: 



Habit expresses certain characteristic vesicular groupings of 

 the living and non-living elements of protoplasm; it expresses 

 also any or all iterated or characteristic primary, secondary, or 

 remotely linked, interactions of these conditions amongst them- 

 selves, or with any existing opportunities, compulsions, or 

 stimuli within or without the mass or area ; it can also mean 

 simply a state of actual or cumulative preparation, with intrin- 

 sic powers, for such interaction whenever it shall become 

 possible. 



Protoplasm in which no structure beyond a nucleus is seen, 

 is commonly called "undifferentiated " or "the simplest form 

 of organism." All visible structures and their associated 

 functions, all visible activities of mass or area, we are used 

 mentally to bestow upon or refer to the "organism." When, 

 for instance, the cuticular alveolar layer of a Vorticella 

 responds with organized contraction to local stimulus, we say 

 'the Vorticella contracts,' just as when a dog's leg moves we 

 say * the dog moves his leg.' Because cuticular contraction 

 often removes the Vorticella from harm's way it has seemed 



^ Organism will now be used in a limited sense to imply only those parts and 

 functional interrelations heretofore familiar to us under that name. 



