Aldred Scott Warthin 69 



from the cervical, thoracic and retroperitoneal regions alone ; in another 

 case of pernicious anemia, over thirty from the retroperitoneal region 

 alone ; and forty from the same region in a case of leukemia. Vincent's 

 finding of hemolymph glands, about fifty in number, in the mesentery 

 and gastro-colic omentum may also be remembered. In the human 

 body many of these glands appear to be in a resting state, and are not 

 easily distinguished from ordinary lymph glands, but in certain condi- 

 tions, particularly blood diseases, they become enlarged and promi- 

 nent. A new-formation of these glands in compensation for spleen or 

 bone-marrow is also possible and undoubtedly takes place under certain 

 pathological conditions. The use of formalin in fixing the tissues and 

 rendering more prominent the blood-content of hemolymph glands may 

 be mentioned again in this place as being of great service in the esti- 

 mation of their number. 



Microscopical Examinatiox. 



Technique. — Alcohol fixation does not give the best results m the study 

 of these glands except for the use of the tri-acid stain. It produces too 

 much contraction of the reticulum and changes the red cells so that they 

 do not stain well. Mercuric chloride, formalin and Zenker's fluid are the 

 best fixing agents in the order named. With all of these there is less 

 shrinkage, and the red cells are better preserved, staining well with eosin, 

 etc., so that the course of the blood-sinuses is well outlined by the blood yet 

 remaining in the meshes of the reticulum. Mercuric chloride fixation is 

 especially recommended in the study of their finer structure, since all 

 stains, including the tri-acid, give good results after this fixation, the cell- 

 division figures and the red-blood cells are well preserved, and there is little 

 shrinking. Hematoxylin and eosin, the tri-acid stain, etc., are used accord- 

 ing to the object sought. Mallory's reticulum stain is essential for the 

 study of the reticulum of the blood-sinuses, and is particularly valuable in 

 tracing the course of these. Kresylechtviolett is also very valuable in the 

 study of mast-cells, etc. 



For the study of the cells of these glands it is also advisable to make 

 cover-glass smears from the freshly-cut surface. This should be done as 

 soon as possible after death. The smears are made in the usual manner, 

 fixed by heat or alcohol and ether, and stained as desired. In this connec- 

 tion kresylechtviolett is also recommended as of value in the study of cell- 

 granulation. 



' Microscopical Appearances. — The lymph glands of the human body 

 may be divided broadly into two groups: those containing only lymph- 

 sinuses, ordinary lymphatic glands, and those possessing blood-sinuses, 

 hemolymph glands. Between these two groups intermediate forms 

 exist — a gland may contain both blood and lymph-sinuses— the pres- 



