Indo-Malay Islands. 161 



Of Carnivora, thirty-three species are known from the 

 Indo-Malay region, of which about eight are found also in 

 Burmah and India. Amougthese ai-e the tiger, leopard, a tiger- 

 cat, civet, and otter ; while out of the twenty genera of Malay- 

 an Carnivora, thirteen are represented in India by more or less 

 closely allied species. As an example, the Malayan bear is rep- 

 resented in North India by the Thibetan bear, both of which 

 animals may be seen alive at the Zoological Society's Gardens. 



The hoofed animals are twenty-two in number, of which 

 about seven extend into Burmah and India. All the deer 

 are of peculiar species except two, which range from Malacca 

 into India. Of the cattle, one Indian species reaches Malacca, 

 while the Bos sondiacus of Java and Borneo is also found in 

 Siam and Burmah. A goat-like animal is found in Suma- 

 tra which has its representative in India ; while the two horn- 

 ed rhinoceros of Sumatra and the single-horned species of 

 Java, long supposed to be peculiar to these islands, are now 

 both ascertained to exist in Burmah, Pegu, and Moulmein. 

 The elephant of Sumatra, Borneo, and Malacca is now consid- 

 ered to be identical with that of Ceylon and India. 



In all other groups of Mammalia the same general phenom- 

 ena recur. A few species are identical with those of India. 

 A much larger number are closely allied or representative 

 forms, while there are always a small.number of peculiar gen- 

 era, consisting of animals unlike those found in any other 

 part of the world. There are about fifty bats, of which less 

 than one-fourth are Indian species ; thirty-four Rodents (squir- 

 rels, rats, etc.), of which six or eight only are Indian ; and ten 

 Insectivora, with one exception peculiar to the Malay region. 

 The squirrels are very abundant and characteristic, only two 

 species out of twenty-five extending into Siam and Burmah. 

 The Tupaias are curious insect-eaters, which closely resemble 

 squirrels, and are almost confined to the Malay Islands, as are 

 the small feather-tailed Ptilocerus lowii of Borneo, and the 

 curious long-snouted and naked-tailed Gymnurus rafflesii. 



As the Malay Peninsula is a part of the continent of Asia, 

 the question of the former union of the islands to the main- 

 land will be best elucidated by studying the species which are 

 found in the former district, and also in some of the islands. 

 Now, if we entirely leave out of consideration the bats, which 



